Cellular and Molecular Processes of Neuronal Damage and Mechanisms in Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration—Focus on Brain Ischemia

Cellular signaling requires harnessing the protein functions in response to the changing environment. In neurons, electrical pulses or receptor-mediated stimuli generate signals with distinct spatial dimensions, temporal extension, amplitude, subcellular localization, and, in some cases, oscillations. The subsequent readout of signals employs downstream signaling proteins, which transmit the message to cellular effectors for regulating neuronal plasticity underlying learning and memory and neuronal survival.