ABSTRACT
Backside Calibration ...................................................................... 53 1.6 Ionophore Complex Formation Constants ................................................. 53
1.6.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 53 1.6.2 Method 1: Membranes Containing a Reference Ionophore ........... 56 1.6.3 Method 2: Using a Reference Ion in the Sample ........................... 57 1.6.4 Method 3: The Segmented Sandwich Membrane Method ............ 58 1.6.5 Cyclic Voltammetry and Related Methods .................................... 60
1.7 Outlook ...................................................................................................... 60 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................... 61 References ........................................................................................................... 61
After more than one century, the history of potentiometry is long. After early applications of glass electrodes, electrodes of the †rst and second kind, and those based on ion exchangers, a real breakthrough was due to the invention of liquid membrane electrodes in 1967. Spectacular developments during the 1970s and 1980s were followed by a short period of declining interest. This changed radically about 15 years ago when again a series of major developments were achieved. These are the topic of this chapter. As an introduction, a brief summary of the early history is given (cf. Table 1.1).
