ABSTRACT
Alzheimer’s Disease ......................................................................... 213 9.6.3 Inammatory Cytokines and the Pathogenesis of Brain Trauma .... 215
9.7 The Dynamics of Systemic and Cerebral TNF ............................................ 215 9.8 Examples of Systemic Infectious Diseases with an
Encephalopathy Component ......................................................................... 218 9.8.1 Inammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of AIDS Dementia ................................................................................ 218 9.8.2 Inammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of
Malaria Encephalopathy ................................................................... 218 9.8.3 Inammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of
Septic Encephalopathies ................................................................... 221 9.8.3.1 Neurobrucellosis ................................................................ 221
9.8.4 Inammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Viral Encephalopathies ..................................................................... 222 9.8.4.1 Inuenza Encephalopathy .................................................. 222 9.8.4.2 Dengue Encephalopathy .................................................... 223
9.9 The Implications of APOE Associations for Understanding Inammatory Diseases ................................................................................. 223
Following Pasteur’s one organism-one illness model, each infectious disease was, for many decades, assumed to have its own mechanism. Yet while groups of closely related organisms, such as viruses, plausibly caused similar systemic syndromes, this approach eventually was seen to pose more questions than it answered. It could not, for example, explain how experienced clinicians inevitably confuse a viral disease with one caused by a spirochete1 or a protozoan.2 Similarly, typhoid is well known to be readily diagnosed as malaria,3 and falciparum malaria in travelers returning to a temperate country is very commonly mistaken for inuenza, with laboratory tests required to differentiate them. These complexities implied there was every possibility for the earlier rationales for these diseases, such as viruses causing illness and death by killing the cells they invade, and falciparum malaria by obstructing vascular ow, being far off the mark. Instead, some common theme seemed to be required.
