ABSTRACT
Numerous fungal pathogens attack tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) causing crop loss directly by reducing yields, or indirectly by reducing marketable yield as a result of defoliation and exposure of fruit to the elements. Profits for growers are also reduced by the costs of chemical sprays or fumigants used to prevent the diseases. These diseases, as well as bacterial and viral tomato diseases, are discussed by Watterson (1986). The reader is also referred to the chapter of Lukyanenko (1991), where resistances to fungal and other diseases are discussed. This chapter will focus only on diseases that have been subjected to conventional plant breeding for resistance. Molecular markers will be covered, but not genetic transformation. To date all disease resistance traits in commercial tomato varieties have been derived from conventional plant breeding. Multiple disease resistant varieties generally derive their resistance from single major genes that usually have dominant inheritance, and of these fungal resistances are the most common (Laterrot 1997, Scott 2005). The dominant inheritance of these disease resistant genes is one of the major reasons that hybrid varieties are so prevalent, other reasons for the prevalence of hybrids are discussed by Scott and Angell (1998). A summary of fungal diseases and resistance genes used to control them is presented in Table 13.1. A map showing approximate locations of resistance genes is depicted in Corresponding author: J.W. Scott 422 423 424 425 Fig. 12.1 of the bacterial resistance chapter and another is in the paper of Foolad and Sharma (2005) and chapter 16 of this book. Summary of disease resistance genes and QTLs mapped on tomato chromosomes. (from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13_57">Foolad and Sharma 2005</xref>)
Disease
Gene/QTL
Pathogen
Origin
Chromosome Location
References
Fungal
Alternaria Stem Canker
Asc
Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici
L. pennelii
3
(Mesbah et al. 1999, van der Biezen et al. 1995).
Anthracnose ripe rot
Anthracnose (Q) y
Colletotrichum coccodes
L.esculentum
Different chrs.
(Stommel and Zhang 1998)
Blackmold
Blackmold (Q)
Alternaria alternate
L. cheesmanii
2, 3,9,12
(Robert et al. 2001)
Corky Root
py-1
Pyrenochaeta lycopersici
L. penwianum
3
(Doganlar et al. 1998 )
Early Blight
EBR (Q)
Alternaria solani
L. esculentum, L. hirsutum, Different chrs.
L. pimpinellifolium
Different chrs
(Foolad et al. 2002, Zhang et al. 2003), Foolad et al. (unpubl.),
Fusarium Crown and Root Rot
Frl
Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. radidicis-lycopersici
L. peruvianum
9
(Vakalounakis et al. 1997).
Fusarium Wilt
I, 1-1, 1-2, 1-2C, 1-3Fusarium oxysporum
f. sp. lycopersici
L. pimpinellifolium, L. pennellii
7, 11
(Bournival et al. 1990, Ori et Simons et al. 1998, Tanksley and Costello 1991)
Gray Leaf Spot
Sm
Stemphylium spp.
L. pimpinellifolium
11
(Behare et al. 1991)
Late Blight
Ph-1, Ph-2, Ph-3
Phytophthora infestans
L. pimpinellifolium
7,9, 10
(Chunwongse et al. 2002, Moreau et al. 1998, Pierce 1971).
Late Blight
lbl-lbl2 (Q)
Phytophthora infestans
L. hirsutum, L.
pimpinellifolium
All 12 chrs.
(Brouwer et al. 2004, Brouwer and St. Clair 2004, Frary et al. 1998,Lough 2003)
Leaf Mould
Cf-1, Cf-2, Cf-4, Cf-5, Cf-9
Cladosporium fulvum
L. hirsutum, L. pimpinellifolium
1, 6
(Balint-Kurti et al. 1994, Jones et al. 1993, Lauge et al. 1998).
Powdery Mildew
Lv
Leveillula taurica
L. chilense
12
(Chunwongse et al. 1994).
Powdery Mildew
Ol-1, Ol-2
Oidium lycopersici
L. esculentum, L. hirsutum
4, 6
(De Giovanni et al. 2004, Huang et al. 2000, van der Beek et al. 1994).
Powdery Mildew
Ol (Q)-1, Ol (Q)-2,Ol (Q)-3
Oidium lycopersici
L. parviflorum
6,12
(Bai et al. 2003)
Verticillium Wilt
Ve
Verticillium dahliaeL. esculentum
9
(Diwan et al. 1999, Kawchuk et al. 1998).
Bacterial
Bacterial Canker
Cm 1.1-10.1 (Q)
Clavibacter michiganensis
L. penwianum
1,6,7, 8, 9, 10
(Sandbrink et al. 1995).
Bacterial Canker
Rcm2.0 (Q), Rcm5.1(Q)
Calvibacter michiganensis
subsp. michiganensis
L. esculentum, L. hirsutum
2,5
(Coaker and Francis 2004, Kabelka et al. 2002).
Bacterial Canker
Three (Q)
Calvibacter michiganensis L. penwianum
subsp. michiganensis
L. peruvianum
5,7,9
(van Heusden et al. 1999).
Bacterial Speck
Pto
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tomato
L. pimpinellifolium
5(Martin et al. 1993).
Prf
Required for
Pto/FenL. pimpinellifolium
5
(Salmeron et al. 1996).
Bacterial Spot
Bs4
Xanthomonas compestris
pv. vesicatoria
L. pennellii
5
(Ballvora et al. 2001).
Bacterial Wilt
Bw-1, Bw-3, Bw-4, Bio-5(Q)
Ralstonia solanacearum
L. pimpinellifolium
4,6,10
(Danesh et al. 1994, Thoquet et al. 1996).
Bacterial Wilt
Two(Q)
Ralstonia solanacearum
L. penwianum
6
(Mangin et al. 1999).
Viral
Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Cmr
CMV
L. chilense
12
(Stamova and Chetelat 2000).
Potyviruses
Pot-1
Potyviruses
L. hirsutum
3
(Parrella et al. 2002).
Tobacco/Tomato
Tm-1, Tm-2 a
TMV/ToMV
L. hirsutum,
2,9(Levesque et al. 1990, Vakalounakis
Mosaic Virus
(allelic
to Tm-2)L. penwianum
et al. 1997, Young and Tanksley 1988).
Tomato Mottle Virus
Two genes
ToMoV
L. chilense
6
(Griffiths and Scott 2001).
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Sw-5
TSWV
L. penwianum
9
(Brommenschenkel et al. 2000, Brommenschenkel and Tanksley, 1997, Stevens et al. 1995)
Tomato Yellow
Ty-1, Ty-2,
TYLCV
L. esculentum, L. chilense,
6,11
(Chagué et al. 1997, Hanson et al.
Leaf Curl Virus
two (Q)
L. pimpinellifolium, L. hirsutum2000, Zamir et al. 1994)
NematodePotato Cyst Nematode
Hero Globodera restochiensis L. pimpinellifolium4
(Ganal et al. 1995)
Root-Knot Nematode
Mi, Mi-1,Mi-3, Mi-9
Meloidogyne spp.
L. peruvianum
6, 12
(Ammiraju et al. 2003, Veremis et al. 1999, Williamson et al. 1994, Yaghoobi et al. 1995)
References not found in Literature Cited sections of chapters (13-14) can be found in Foolad and Sharma, (2005) and chapter 16.
Q in parentheses indicates quantitative trait loci (QTLs).
