ABSTRACT
Marine ’sh possess antimicrobial peptides as a part of their defense system, which are mainly present in the mucous layer, indicating that they eliminate pathogenic bacteria before they enter the skin barrier. However, marine invertebrates rely solely on innate immune mechanisms that include both humoral and cellular responses. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a major component of the innate immune defense system in marine invertebrates. They are de’ned as molecules less than 10 kDa in mass that show antimicrobial properties and provide an immediate and rapid response to invading microorganisms. Several AMPs have been isolated from marine ’sh, such as pleurocidins from winter ™ounder, Pleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), American plaice, Hippoglossoides
26.1 Antimicrobial Peptides from Marine Fish and Invertebrates ............................................... 371 26.2 Antimicrobial Peptides as a Natural Cosmetic Preservative ................................................ 372 26.3 Antimicrobial Peptide in Acne Treatment ............................................................................ 376 26.4 Marine Biosurfactant ............................................................................................................ 376 26.5 Biosurfactants for Cosmetics ................................................................................................ 377
26.5.1 Marine Biosurfactant as Natural Antibiotics and Preservatives .............................. 378 26.5.2 Marine Biosurfactant as Emulsi’er .......................................................................... 378 26.5.3 Biosurfactant as a Foaming Agent and Skin Cleansing Cosmetic ........................... 379 26.5.4 Biosurfactant as Conditioning and Improved Coacervation .....................................380 26.5.5 Biosurfactant-Mediated Transdermal Drug Delivery ............................................... 381 26.5.6 Other Applications of Biosurfactant in Cosmeceuticals........................................... 383
26.5.6.1 Biosurfactant as a Moisturizer ................................................................... 383 26.5.6.2 Antiwrinkle, Antiaging, and Rejuvenation of Biosurfactants and
Lipopeptides ............................................................................................... 385 26.6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 386
26.6.1 Potential Applications of Marine Antimicrobial Peptides in the Cosmeceutical Industry ..................................................................................................................... 386
26.6.2 Potential Applications of Marine Biosurfactants in the Cosmeceutical Industry .... 386 References ...................................................................................................................................... 386
platessoides (Fabricius), and Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Cole et al., 1997; Douglas et al., 2001, 2003a, 2003b). Some examples are misgurin from loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor) (Park et al., 1997) and hag’sh intestinal antimicrobial peptides (HFIAPs) from hag’sh, Eptatretus burgeri (Girard) (Hwang et al., 1999); chrysophsins from red sea bream, Chrysophrys major (Iijima et al., 2003); piscidin or moronecidin from white bass, Morone chrysops (Ra’nesque), and striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum) (Silphaduang and Noga, 2001; Lauth et al., 2002); grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Lu et al., 2009); hepcidins (Shike et al., 2002; Douglas et al., 2003a); marine invertebrate species such as tunicates, Styela clava and Halocynthia aurantium (Lee et al., 1997, 2001); crustaceans, Litopenaeus vannemei (Destoumieux et al., 1997, 2009; Bachere et al., 2002) and Penaeus monodon (Chiou et al., 2005, 2007); chelicerates, Tachyplesus tridentatus and Limulus polyphemus (Nakamura et al., 1988; Miyata, et al., 1989); and mollusks (Mytilis edulis and Mytilis galloprovincialii (Charlet et al., 1996; Mitta et al., 2000) (Table 26.1).
