ABSTRACT
Heat is absolutely critical to all of these processes. It is used for separation of the various hydrocarbon molecules, to bring process —ows into a reactor to the proper temperature for a chemical conversion to take place (or to take place under optimum conditions), to generate the steam necessary for these processes, and to safely destroy by-products or waste gases that result from these processes. The only way to supply the intense
Erwin Platvoet, Rasik Patel, David Brown, Jason D. McAdams, and James G. Seebold
CONTENTS
2.1Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.2Re˜ning............................................................................................................................................................................ 32
2.2.1Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.2Examples of Re˜ning Processes....................................................................................................................... 32
2.2.2.1Crude Distillation................................................................................................................................ 32 2.2.2.2Visbreaking........................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2.3Hydrotreating....................................................................................................................................... 33 2.2.2.4Catalytic Reforming............................................................................................................................. 36 2.2.2.5Delayed Coking.................................................................................................................................... 36
2.3Reforming........................................................................................................................................................................ 38 2.3.1Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.2Reforming Reactions.......................................................................................................................................... 38 2.3.3Reforming Catalyst............................................................................................................................................. 39 2.3.4Reforming for Hydrogen................................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.5Reforming for Ammonia................................................................................................................................... 39 2.3.6Reforming for Methanol.................................................................................................................................... 41
2.4Ethylene............................................................................................................................................................................ 42 2.4.1Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.2Kinetics of Thermal Cracking........................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.3Severity of Cracking........................................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.4Typical Product Distribution............................................................................................................................. 42 2.4.5Coking.................................................................................................................................................................. 42 2.4.6Decoking.............................................................................................................................................................. 43
References.................................................................................................................................................................................. 43
energy demands of these industries is through the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. In fact, combustion is the very lifeblood of the petroleum, petrochemical, and chemical sector.
