ABSTRACT
Figure 1.1 General burner construction. ........................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.2 PVYD-M natural-draft, gas-only burner (with air inlet noise suppression)............................................. 4
Figure 1.3 PFFG gas-only †at-†ame burner...................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 1.4 PMA round †ame combination gas and liquid burner................................................................................ 4
Figure 1.5 HEVD premix burner assembly....................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 1.6 Staged-air combustion. ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.7 HAWAstar staged-air, gas-…red burner assembly......................................................................................... 5
Figure 1.8 LNC staged air combination gas/liquid burner assembly.......................................................................... 5
Figure 1.9 Hamworthy Enviromix 2000 staged-air burner assembly........................................................................... 6
Figure 1.10Hamworthy EEP †at-†ame staged-air burner assembly.............................................................................. 7
Figure 1.11 Staged-fuel combustion. .................................................................................................................................... 7
Figure 1.12PSFG burner assembly....................................................................................................................................... 8
Figure 1.13PSFFG †at-†ame staged-fuel burner assembly.............................................................................................. 8
Figure 1.14Ultralow-NOx stoichiometry............................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 1.15 Ultralow-NOx †ame development.................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 1.16 (a) PSMR ultralow-NOx burner assembly and (b) †ame photo. ............................................................... 10
Figure 1.17Relative NOx emissions versus †ame stoichiometry.................................................................................. 10
Figure 1.18LPMF lean premix staged-fuel burner assembly......................................................................................... 11
Figure 1.19The COOLstar folded †ame (†ower shape when looking down from the top of the tile)..................... 12
Figure 1.20COOLstar® burner cutaway. ........................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 1.21CFD simulation results for CO concentration contours on COOLstar burner........................................ 13
Figure 1.22CFD simulation results for temperature contours of COOLstar burner.................................................. 13
Figure 1.23COOLstar †ame photo..................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 1.24Entrainment around a Coanda surface........................................................................................................ 14
Figure 1.25 Coanda tile surface. ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 1.26HALO †ame photo.......................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 1.27 Freestanding burners...................................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 1.28MDBP burner …ring PSA off gas (view looking up at burner).................................................................. 15
Figure 1.29PDSMR MK-II tile and fuel tips..................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.30 (a) PDSMR Mk-II burner assembly and (b) †ame photo. ........................................................................... 16
Figure 1.31(a) PXMR burner assembly and (b) †ame photo......................................................................................... 17
Figure 1.32PSFFR burner assembly.................................................................................................................................. 17
Figure 1.33(a) LPMF burner assembly and (b) †ame photo.......................................................................................... 18
Figure 1.34(a) RTW test burner and (b) CFD-calculated result.................................................................................... 18
Figure 1.35(a) Modi…ed RTW burner and (b) CFD-calculated result.......................................................................... 19
Figure 1.36(a) PXMR-DS burner and (b) †ame photo.................................................................................................... 19
Figure 1.37Premix radiant wall burner array.................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 1.38PMS premix gas burner assembly................................................................................................................. 20
Figure 1.39 PMS †ame (front view).................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 1.40PMS †ame (side view)..................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 1.41Hamworthy Walrad burner assembly........................................................................................................... 21
Figure 1.42LPMW radiant wall burner array.................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 1.43LPMW with elbowed venturi......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 1.44LPMW with in-line venturi and staged-fuel adaptor/tip.......................................................................... 23
Figure 1.45LPMW with in-line venturi for RFS integration......................................................................................... 23
Figure 1.46FPMR radiant wall burner cutaway.............................................................................................................. 24
Figure 1.47(a) FPMR burner assembly and (b) cutaway................................................................................................. 24
Figure 1.48Oil gun with concentric tube design............................................................................................................. 25
Figure 1.49MEA oil gun with dual (parallel)-tube design............................................................................................ 25
Figure 1.50John Zink EA oil atomizer and tip................................................................................................................ 25
Figure 1.51John Zink MEA oil atomizer and tip............................................................................................................ 25
Figure 1.52Hamworthy SAR oil atomizer and tip.......................................................................................................... 26
Figure 1.53Hamworthy DS oil atomizer and tip............................................................................................................. 26
Figure 1.54John Zink PM atomization system (port mix)............................................................................................. 27
Figure 1.55The HERO gun................................................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 1.56Standard combination burner........................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 1.57PLNC staged-air combination burner........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 1.58DEEPstar low-NOx gas/oil combination burner......................................................................................... 29
Figure 1.59(a) DEEPstar oil †ame and (b) gas †ame...................................................................................................... 30
Figure 1.60ST-1-S manual pilot.......................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 1.61ST-1-SE electric ignition pilot.......................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 1.62ST-1-SE-FR electric ignition pilot with an integral †ame rod.................................................................... 31
Figure 1.63 KE-1-ST electric ignition pilot. ....................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 1.64ST-2 manual pilot............................................................................................................................................. 32
Figure 1.65KE-2-ST electric ignition pilot........................................................................................................................ 32
Figure 2.1 Typical liquid fuel atomizer-spray tip con…gurations................................................................................ 37
Figure 2.2 Oil gun capacity curves for heavy oil and light oil for one speci…c oil gun........................................... 38
Figure 2.3 Oil gun capacity curves for steam atomizing and air atomizing for one speci…c oil gun................... 38
Figure 2.4 Oil †ame cone-type stabilizer........................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 2.5 Oil tile to stabilize the oil †ame..................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 2.6 Round burner tile provides round oil †ame................................................................................................ 40
Figure 2.7 Rectangular burner tile provides †at oil †ame........................................................................................... 40
Figure 2.8 Coen Co. elliptical cap with slots for low NOx........................................................................................... 42
Figure 2.9 CFI versus CCR, RCR, and asphaltenes........................................................................................................ 44
Figure 2.10Combination oil and gas LoNOx burner...................................................................................................... 46
Figure 2.11Secondary (outside) and primary (inside) tiles............................................................................................ 46
Figure 2.12Regen tile and one section of secondary tile................................................................................................ 47
Figure 2.13Regen oil tile with an oil gun in the center (secondary tile not shown).................................................. 47
Figure 2.14Swirler for oil …ring on forced draft.............................................................................................................. 48
Figure 2.15 Diffuser cones for light oil …ring................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 2.16Typical rotary-type air registers.................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 2.17Air register with rollers for easy operation.................................................................................................. 49
Figure 2.18Vane-type air register...................................................................................................................................... 50
Figure 2.19Integral plenum box with inlet air damper and muf†er............................................................................ 50
Figure 2.20Oil gun insert and oil body receiver (with red caps).................................................................................. 51
Figure 2.21EA oil gun parts............................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 2.22EA oil tip........................................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 2.23MEA oil tip........................................................................................................................................................ 51
Figure 2.24MEA oil gun parts........................................................................................................................................... 51
Figure 2.25Atomizer with labyrinth seals and steam ports......................................................................................... 51
Figure 2.26Checking atomizer location in the sleeve.................................................................................................... 52
Figure 2.27 Flame impingement on tubes........................................................................................................................ 52
Figure 2.28Fouled oil guns................................................................................................................................................ 53
Figure 2.29Oil-…ring problems and possible causes...................................................................................................... 54
Figure 3.1 Approximate rate of thermal (Zeldovich) NO formation........................................................................... 61
Figure 3.2 Approximate relation of NOx reduction with FGR for fuels without FBN............................................. 62
Figure 3.3 NOx performance of a typical Coen premix burner …ring natural gas in a package boiler. ..................... 65
Figure 3.4 QLA burner performance at high …re........................................................................................................... 65
Figure 3.5 Coen DAZ™ burner. ........................................................................................................................................ 68
Figure 3.6 Coen Vari‹ame™ burner.................................................................................................................................. 68
Figure 3.7 Hamworthy DFL® burner. .............................................................................................................................. 68
Figure 3.8 Coen DAF™ burner......................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 3.9 Coen Delta-NOx™ burner............................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 3.10ECOjet® gas-only burners. .............................................................................................................................. 69
Figure 3.11(a) Hamworthy ECOjet †ame. (b) Natural gas …ring at 30 MW (100 × 106 Btu/h) at Hamworthy test facility............................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 3.12Schematic of a QLN™ burner......................................................................................................................... 70
Figure 3.13Coen QLN burner †ame with 20 ppm NOx …ring natural gas without FGR......................................... 71
Figure 3.14Coen RMB™ burner equipped with an air isolation sliding barrel damper.......................................... 72
Figure 3.15 Fuel risers of a Coen RMB burner................................................................................................................. 72
Figure 3.16Enhanced images of the gas-…red RMB †ame............................................................................................. 73
Figure 3.17Coen D-RMB® burner mounted inside the wind box ................................................................................. 73
Figure 3.18Coen D-RMB™ burner performance in a large package boiler................................................................ 74
Figure 3.19Coen QLA burner schematic.......................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 3.20Assembled Coen QLA burner (side)............................................................................................................. 75
Figure 3.21Assembled Coen QLA burner (front)............................................................................................................ 75
Figure 3.22Coen QLA burner †ame with 7 ppm NOx (natural gas …ring)................................................................ 75
Figure 3.23Peabody LVC™ burner for …ring BFG.......................................................................................................... 75
Figure 3.24Modi…ed Coen LCF burner for simultaneous low-NOx …ring of multiple fuels of variable composition....................................................................................................................................................... 75
Figure 3.25NOx reduction with FGR mixed with combustion air or fuel.................................................................. 76
Figure 3.26Large Coen QLN burners mounted inside wind boxes............................................................................. 77
Figure 3.27 Coen QLN-II burner inside a furnace ........................................................................................................... 78
Figure 3.28 Row of boilers equipped with Coen QLN-II™ burners rated to 63 and 90 × 106 Btu/h (18.5-26 MWt). ..........................................................................................................................................................78
Figure 3.29Typical NOx performance of QLN-II™ burner with FGR......................................................................... 79
