An Ethics for the New (and Old) Surveillance*

Contents 1.1 Initial Conditions: Policies, Procedures, and Capabilities ................................................... 8

1.1.1 Formal Procedure and Public Input in the Decision to Adopt ................................ 8 1.1.2 Role Reversal .......................................................................................................... 8 1.1.3 Restoration ............................................................................................................. 8 1.1.4 Unwanted Precedents ............................................................................................. 9 1.1.5 Symbolic Meaning .................................................................................................. 9 1.1.6 Reversibility ............................................................................................................ 9 1.1.7 Agency Competence and Resources ........................................................................ 9

1.2 Means ................................................................................................................................ 9 1.2.1 Validity ................................................................................................................... 9 1.2.2 Human Review ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2.3 Alternative Means ..................................................................................................10

1.3 Goals .................................................................................................................................10 1.3.1 Appropriate versus Inappropriate Goals .................................................................10 1.3.2 Clarity in Goals .....................................................................................................11 1.3.3 Unitary Usage ........................................................................................................11

1.4 Connections between Means and Goals ............................................................................11 1.4.1 Goodness of Fit between the Means and the Goal .................................................11 1.4.2 Inaction as Action ..................................................................................................11 1.4.3 Proportionality ..................................................................................................... 12