ABSTRACT
Aside from ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) or ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction, the pediatric urologist is occasionally confronted with relatively rare causes of ureteral obstruction. These causes include the retrocaval ureter, ureteral strictures or valves, as well as ureteral polyps. The diagnosis of these conditions may follow clinical symptoms of obstruction such as pain, hematuria, or urinary tract infection. Increasingly, the diagnosis of these entities occurs as an incidental finding with anatomic imaging for non-urologic symptoms. This chapter provides a basic description of these rare conditions and management options.
