ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses diabetes mellitus, sarcoidosis, alcoholism, and porphyria. Neurogenic bladder can be a result of peripheral neuropathy due to various systemic illnesses. Diabetes can be divided into type 1 and type 2. Type 1 is characterized by insulin deficiency most commonly caused by an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic Langerhans islet cells and type 2 is characterized by a heterogenous group of genetic and environmental causes where insulin production cannot meet the body’s demand. Sarcoidosis is a relatively common disease that affects both males and females, and most races, ages, and regional locations. Females have been noted to have a slightly higher susceptibility than males. In Western countries, about 80% of people have consumed alcohol (ethanol) at some point in their life. Although alcohol consumption is considered a universal behavior, repetitive alcohol problems can be seen in both men and women. Porphyrias consist of a group of eight metabolic hereditary disorders.
