ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 8.1 Introduction 184 8.2Cells for Use in Tissue Engineering185
8.2.1Embryonic Stem Cells 185 8.2.2Laboratory-Generated Stem Cells 185 8.2.3Amniotic Fluid and Placental Stem Cells 188 8.2.4Challenges with Cell-Based Organ Regeneration Strategies 189
8.3Tissue Engineering of Speci‡c Structures189 8.3.1Urethra 190 8.3.2Bladder 192 8.3.3Kidney 196 8.3.4Male Reproductive Organs200 8.3.5Female Reproductive Organs202 8.3.6Heart 202 8.3.7Liver 203 8.3.8Pancreas 204 8.3.9Lung 206 8.3.10Intestine206 8.3.11Brain 208
8.4Summary and Conclusion 208 Acknowledgment208 References209
184
8.1 INTRODUCTION Patients suŽering from diseased and injured organs may be treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs that is worsening yearly. As modern medicine increases the human lifespan, the aging population grows, and the need for organs grows with it, as aging organs are generally more prone to failure. Scientists in the ‡eld of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering apply the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that can prolong life by reducing mortality from these diseases. …erapeutic cloning, where the nucleus from a donor cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte in order to extract pluripotent embryonic stem cells, oŽers a potentially limitless source of cells for tissue engineering applications. …e stem cell ‡eld is also advancing rapidly, opening new options for therapy. …is chapter reviews recent advances that have occurred in regenerative medicine and describes applications of these new technologies that oŽer promise of a longer life to organ regenerative engineering.
