ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 14.1 Introduction 362 14.2Basic Anatomy and Physiology of Skeletal Muscle362 14.3Skeletal Muscle Regeneration 364
14.3.1Degeneration and Inšammation364 14.3.2Regeneration364 14.3.3Fibrosis366
14.4Defects in Skeletal Muscle366 14.4.1Systemic Skeletal Muscle Defects366 14.4.2Localized Skeletal Muscle Defects367
14.5Cell-Based …erapies for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration368 14.5.1Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells368 14.5.2Satellite Cell Self-Renewal 369 14.5.3Satellite Cells in Pathological Milieus370 14.5.4Potential of Satellite Cell …erapies371 14.5.5Noncanonical Myogenic Progenitors372
14.5.5.1Mesoangioblasts and Pericytes372 14.5.5.2Additional Noncanonical Myogenic Precursors 372
14.6Materials-Based …erapies for Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Engineering 373 14.6.1Electrospun ScaŽolds 374 14.6.2Hydrogels375 14.6.3Decellularized ScaŽolds377 14.6.4Collagen-Based ScaŽolds378 14.6.5Fibrin-Based ScaŽolds 378
14.7Future of Skeletal Muscle Regenerative Engineering379 References379
362
14.1 INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle has a robust regenerative capacity, and minor injuries are eŽectively repaired by the action of resident muscle stem cells. However, the loss of muscle from trauma, surgery, or disease, in the amount of ∼20% or more, interrupts the natural repair mechanisms of the body, induces excessive scar tissue formation, and severely hinders muscle function (Turner and Badylak, 2012). At present, there are limited interventional options to improve clinical outcomes, necessitating the development of innovative regenerative engineering strategies that consider both cell-based and cell/material-based approaches. A§er introducing the basic biology of skeletal muscle and normal regenerative processes, this chapter will focus on current concepts in skeletal muscle engineering with a focus on interdisciplinary approaches that bridge cell biology and biomedical engineering. Speci‡c attention will be given to existing technologies with the potential to treat localized injuries, since such treatments are probably on the horizon. Unrealized challenges of treating pathologies that broadly aŽect the entire skeletal muscle system, such as certain muscular dystrophies, will also be discussed.
