ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2Macromolecules in Cells22
2.2.1Proteins 22 2.2.2Enzymes 24 2.2.3Lipids 24 2.2.4Carbohydrates 27 2.2.5Glycoproteins and Glycolipids30 2.2.6 Nucleotides 31 2.2.7DNA, Nucleosomes, Chromosome, and RNA 33
2.3Transcription and Translation 35 2.3.1RNA Synthesis35 2.3.2Protein Synthesis36 2.3.3Posttranslational Modi‡cations of Proteins 37
2.4Cellular Structures/Organelles 37 2.4.1Plasma Membrane 38
2.4.1.1Receptors for Growth Factors and Hormones 40 2.4.2 Mitochondria41 2.4.3Endoplasmic Reticulum 42 2.4.4Golgi Apparatus 44 2.4.5Lysosomes and Peroxisomes46 2.4.6Centrosome and Centriole47 2.4.7Nucleus 48
2.4.7.1 Nucleolus 48 2.4.8Cytoskeleton 48
2.5Cell-Matrix and Cell-Cell Interactions 49 2.5.1 Extracellular Matrix 50 2.5.2Cell Adhesion Involving Integrins51 2.5.3Cadherins 53 2.5.4 Immunoglobulin Superfamily Cell Adhesion Molecules 54 2.5.5Selectins and Mucin 55
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2.1 INTRODUCTION To be able to engineer tissues, a fundamental understanding of cell structure and function is essential. If we are to replace tissues with new biomaterials or tissue constructs, then basic cell processes must be understood so that we can engineer a biomaterial or a process that best simulates what is found in nature. …e purpose of this chapter is to describe briešy the structure of macromolecules and organelles in the cell and to review several important processes for cell maintenance, survival, and proliferation.
