ABSTRACT
Measurement is the codifying of observations into data that can be analyzed, portrayed as information, and evaluated to support the decision maker (Badiru, 2013). In regard to traditional science, this might be a very straightforward task such as measuring production output per unit of time, determining the thrust-to-weight ratio of an airplane, or estimating the cost to develop a new communication system. Social science measurement on the other hand is not clear-cut. Human behavior and the attributions behind this behavior
10.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 203 10.1.1 Measurement dened ........................................................................................... 203
10.2 Concepts and indicators.................................................................................................... 204 10.3 Scales .................................................................................................................................... 205 10.4 Variable type ....................................................................................................................... 206
10.4.1 Latent and manifest variables .............................................................................. 206 10.4.1.1 Reective constructs ............................................................................... 206 10.4.1.2 Formative constructs .............................................................................. 207
10.5 Reliability ............................................................................................................................ 208 10.6 Validity ................................................................................................................................ 211
10.6.1 Reliability versus validity: Which is more important? .................................... 212 10.7 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 213 References ..................................................................................................................................... 215
might be one of the most difcult systems to measure and predict. The underlying attributes that drive human behavior is at the core of social science measurement and is why the construct denition is so important.
