ABSTRACT
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 79 What is a Neuroweapon? .........................................................................................80 Contending against Potential Enemies: Neurotechnology within Information Infrastructures and Intelligence Strategy ................................................................. 82 Neurotechnological Applications for Strategic Intelligence .................................... 91 Neurint: Neural Intelligence as a Novel Collection Discipline and Analysis Tool .......................................................................................................93 Neuroweapons in Combat Scenarios .......................................................................96 Neurotropic Drugs ...................................................................................................96 Neuromicrobiological Agents ................................................................................ 103 Neurotoxins ............................................................................................................ 103 Practical Considerations, Limitations, and Preparations ....................................... 107 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 109 References .............................................................................................................. 109
Online Resources .............................................................................................. 112
technologies pose to the defense integrity of the United States and its allies and the viability of these approaches in the U.S. NSID armamentarium. The landmark 2008 report entitled Emerging Cognitive Neuroscience and Related Technologies by the ad hoc Committee on Military and Intelligence Methodology for Emergent Neurophysiological and Cognitive/Neural Science Research in the Next Two Decades (National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences 2008 [hereafter referred to as the 2008 NAS ad-hoc committee report]) summarized the state of neuroscience as relevant to the (1) potential utility for defense and intelligence applications; (2) pace of progress; (3) present limitations; and (4) threat value of such science. In characterizing the challenges to advancing defense-oriented neurotechnologies-as well as maintaining the United States’ international competitive edge-the committee noted that a signicant problem was the “. . . amount of pseudoscientic information and journalistic oversimplication related to cognitive neuroscience”(NAS 2008). More recently, a series of Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) conferences considered the potential impact of neuroscientic understanding of aggression, decision-making, and social behavior on policy and strategy pertaining to NSID deterrence and inuence campaigns (Canna and Popp 2011; Sapolsky et al. 2013). These reports highlight (1) how neuroscientic insights to individual, collective, and intergroup social behavior might be used to nesse an understanding of threat environments in an ever-increasingly interdependent and changing environments; (2) the utility of neuroscience and neurotechnologies (i.e., “neuro S/T”) for NSID analysis and operations in the context of conicts with state and nonstate actors; and (3) how neuroscientic understanding of aggression may inuence strategies for deterrence.
