ABSTRACT
Trafc and transportation applications are rapidly expanding in scope due to their potential impacts on community and environmental decision making. These applications range from planning and assessment of road infrastructure to evaluation of advanced trafc management and information systems (e.g., dynamic hard-shoulder running) and testing technologies and systems to increase safety, capacity, and environmental efciency of vehicles and roads (e.g., cooperative systems and intelligent speed adaptation). The complexity and scale of these problems dictate that accurate and dynamic trafc simulation models rather than analytical methods are used increasingly for these purposes.