ABSTRACT
Miniaturization allows more function to be packed into the same amount of space. Since the invention of the integrated circuit more than 50 years ago, the need for more powerful devices for sensing, communication, and computation has thus driven the development of methods for fabricating smaller structures. The current “top-down” microfabrication techniques in which structures are carved out from larger substrates in multiple steps can produce features smaller than 100 nm, but the cost of doing so becomes prohibitive as sizes shrink. In addition, the vision of ubiquitous computingthe integration of information processing into a greater number of everyday objects and actions-might require the use of nontraditional materials to build sensors and circuits that are more exible and durable. New fabrication methods that reduce costs or expand the range of materials and substrates that can be patterned are in demand now more than ever. Recent advances in nanotechnology further fuel this demand, but also offer promising solutions to these challenges. Unique, functional nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene might enable revolutionary
13.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................225 13.2 Template Design and Fabrication .................................................................226 13.3 Selected Examples of Templated Assembly .................................................228
