ABSTRACT
In recent years human trafficking has received a great deal of attention, but defining and identifying human trafficking victims has been difficult. Before
Major Issues 157 Introduction 157 Definitions of Forced Labor 159 Causes of Human Trafficking 160 Forced Labor Found in Economic Sectors 161
Slavery 162 Public Works Projects 163 Agriculture 163 Domestic Servitude 164 Bonded Labor 165 Child Soldiers 166 Manufacturing 167 Construction 167
Male Victims 168 Elements of Forced Labor 168 Trafficking Offenders 169 Locating Traffic Offenders and Victims 170 Summary 171 Key Terms 171 Review Questions 172 References 172
defining human trafficking the reader should recognize that human trafficking is often confused with human smuggling. The smuggling of humans has been identified as the facilitation, transportation, and entering of illegals across international borders. Smuggling requires the participation of two willing parties in a commercial transaction. Trafficking of persons involves a monetary profit by criminally exploiting people being trafficked. Human trafficking does not require that those being trafficked be transported across an international border. Human trafficking exploits individuals for labor and commercial sex. Those trafficked could be children or adult men and women (Wilson and Dalton, 2008, p. 297). There are four points that differentiate smuggling from trafficking (Bajrektarevic, 2000, p. 16):
1. Smuggled persons always travel voluntarily; trafficked persons can either begin their trip voluntary or may have been coerced or kidnapped.
