ABSTRACT
Low-intensity pulsed electromagnetic elds (PEMFs) have been found to produce a variety of benecial biological effects and have been successfully employed as adjunctive therapy for a variety of clinical conditions (Shupak, 2003; Guo et al., 2012). In the United States, PEMF is cleared by FDA for use in treating postoperative pain and edema and approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for treating chronic wounds. PEMF signals induce electrical elds in tissue, generated by relatively simple devices, allowing noninvasive therapeutic application (Pilla, 2013). Unlike other electrotherapeutics, PEMF is not impeded by differences in types of tissue, so it appears within the tissue target virtually instantaneously. Properly congured PEMF signals have been demonstrated to regulate major cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycle, DNA replication, and cytokine/chemokine expression (Aaron et al., 2004; Pesce et al., 2013; Pena-Philippides et al., 2014). Among the possible mechanisms of PEMF-induced inuence on the biological systems are modulation of calmodulin (CaM)- dependent nitric oxide (Pilla, 2012), increase in expression of protective stress protein hsp70 gene (George et al., 2008), and downregulation of proinammatory NF-kB signaling pathway (Vianale et al., 2008). Exposure to PEMFs has been shown to attenuate tissue damage and inammation following stroke (Grant et al., 1994; Pena-Philippides et al., 2014). Accumulated scientic data demonstrate the effect of electromagnetic elds in inammatory diseases and conditions (Mizushima et al., 1975; Guo, 2011; Pilla, 2012). The anti-inammatory effects of the PEMF treatment (using signals similar to those used in this study parameters) have demonstrated a decrease in proinammatory cytokines and increase in anti-inammatory cytokines after traumatic brain
11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 165 11.2 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................................... 166
11.2.1 LPS Administration .................................................................................................. 166 11.2.2 PEMF Stimulation .................................................................................................... 166 11.2.3 Sample Collection ..................................................................................................... 167
11.2.3.1 Cytokine Expression Analysis ................................................................... 167 11.3 Results ................................................................................................................................... 167
11.3.1 Plasma Samples ........................................................................................................ 167 11.3.2 Brain Tissue Samples ............................................................................................... 169
11.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 169 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... 171 References ...................................................................................................................................... 171
injury in rats (Rasouli et al., 2012) and stroke (Pena-Philippides et al., 2014), decreased pain in osteoarthritis (Nelson et al., 2013), wound healing (Pesce et al., 2013), and postsurgical recovery (Heden and Pilla, 2008; Rohde et al., 2010).
