ABSTRACT
C Circulation with haemorrhage control. D Disability and neurological status. E Exposure (completely expose patient and assess for injuries). A patient who is talking by definition has a patent airway. This does not mean it could become compromised and reassessment is paramount. Suctioning and removal of foreign bodies is an essential next step, ensuring not to push objects further down the airway. Useful airway adjuncts, if they can be tolerated by the patient, include a nasopharyngeal or Guedal airway. A patient with GCS of ≤8 is an indication for attaining a definitive airway, e.g., endotracheal tube. Cervical spine immobilisation is essential. It is often done manually initially and then collar, sand bags and tape are used until the C-spine can be cleared.
