ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the nonionized atmosphere. It presents the propagation phenomena through an ionized atmosphere that play a significant role for frequencies below 3 GHz and the tropospheric effects that are the most important ones for the spectrum above 10 GHz. The chapter explores the tropospheric propagation phenomena that deteriorate the radio signal transmission in fixed-satellite systems and services are presented along with well-accepted models for their accurate prediction. In modern satellite communication systems, the reliable design is constrained by the radio propagation effects, the interference, and the noise that. For the installation of the satellite communication systems, the impact of the phenomena must be accurately quantified through experimental data, analytical theoretical models, and empirical or semiempirical models. When the satellite signal is propagating through rain, snow, hail, or ice droplets, it suffers from power loss due to hydrometeor scattering.
