ABSTRACT
Plants frequently encounter a wide range of environmental stresses, including abiotic stresses during their life cycle. Abiotic stresses, commonly caused by salinity (NaCl), temperature (chilling or freezing), water (drought or ood), light (high and low intensity), and radiations (IR, visible, UV, or ionizing rays such as x-ray and γ-ray), inuence physiological responses and biochemical pathways of plants at various levels, individually or in combinations.
