ABSTRACT
Neuro-ophthalmology is the science of the interrelationships of the ophthalmic and the central nervous system (CNS). Many CNS diseases cause ophthalmic dysfunction, and, therefore, an understanding of neuro-ophthalmology is often essential for localizing neurologic lesions. Neuro-ophthalmology encompasses vision, pupillary size and light reflexes, ocular position, ocular motility and movement, eyelid position and movement, lacrimation and ocular sensation. The eyelid receives sensory innervation from branches of the trigeminal nerve. The ophthalmic nerve innervates the middle portion of the upper eyelid and the medial portions of both upper and lower lids via the frontal and infratrochlear nerves. Muller's muscle is innervated by postganglionic sympathetic fibers, which enter the orbit together with the ophthalmic nerve. Postganglionic sympathetic fibers arise from the cranial cervical ganglion and run within the deep petrosal nerve, pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion without synapses, and run with the parasympathetic fibers to the gland.
