of a change in transit time to estimate the change in length, and (3) look at

Simplistic handbook data would suggest that E and p will be constants for a given material. But this is not true; some experts say that the modulus of as-received bolts varies from 29 X 106 to 30 X 106 psi. Others say that even wider variations are possible. Density may vary as well. Certainly, both modulus and density will be functions of bolt temperature. And the density will be affected by stress, creating the stress-vs.-velocity effect seen in Figure 8.