Index

ΑΒΡΑ (see Aspergillosis) Abscess, 84, 86, 97, 170, 190, 263, 271,

274, 279, 284, 285 ACE (see Angiotensin I-converting enzyme) Acetazolamide, 725-727, 732, 745, 747 Acetylsalicylic acid (see Aspirin) Acidosis, 2, 57, 62, 223, 272, 310, 318, 320,

324, 423, 425, 471, 472, 588, 724, 746

Acid-base balance, 324, 416, 423, 471, 472, 492, 527, 537, 666, 723, 746

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 92, 97, 286, 289, 298, 350, 361, 375, 507, 510, 591, 613, 637, 639, 642, 646-648, 650, 651, 652

543, 546, 549 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),

2, 105, 118, 281, 289, 313, 315, 316, 318, 327, 395, 413, 419, 420, 422, 423, 426, 496, 506, 507, 520, 643, 760, 762, 763

Adenocarcinoma (see Carcinoma) Adenoma, 178 Adenopathy, 165-167, 296, 329, 477, 492,

615, 640, 643, 646, 694, 699 Adult respiratory distress syndrome (see

Acute respiratory distress syndrome) Aerosol, 244, 393, 399, 440, 441, 470, 471,

600, 603, 610, 671, 692, 693, 761 Agonist, 141, 241, 432, 437, 439, 441, 445,

448, 458, 459, 470, 471, 604, 755, 756, 770

drome)

Air travel, 360, 732, 733 Airway conductance (Gaw), 148 Airway disease, 68, 89, 225, 250, 300, 588,

653, 659, 660, 662 Airway hyperresponsiveness, 429, 436, 448,

456, 662 Airway resistance, 28, 35, 36, 43, 135, 139,

250, 320, 321, 420, 423, 425 Airway smooth muscle, 459, 771 Albuterol, 302, 439, 458, 459, 604, 755-

757 Alcohol, 213, 215, 216, 372, 373, 379, 387,

540, 553, 559, 565, 619, 725 Alkalosis, 320, 492, 527, 537, 666, 723, 725,

Allergen, 256, 263, 431, 432, 439, 446, 447, 659

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (see Aspergillosis)

Alpha!-antitrypsin deficiency, 87, 384, 453, 456

Alphaj-protease inhibitor deficiency (see Alphar antitrypsin deficiency)

Altitude, 59, 310, 322, 721-733 Alveolar edema, 469

515-517, 522, 525 Alveolar hyperventilation, 723, 729, 730 Alveolar hypoventilation, 26 Alveolar macrophage, 72 Alveolar proteinosis, 205, 527 Alveolar ventilation, 18, 42, 45, 55, 137,

146, 265, 318-320, 415, 721, 723, 729, 781

Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, 54

Alveolar-capillary membrane, 3, 59, 123, 146, 316

Alveolus(i), 3, 33, 56, 59, 187, 215, 248, 492, 508, 509, 661, 680, 701, 705, 722, 762

defense mechanism, 70-72, 76 diffuse alveolar damage, 423, 527 function/physiology, 34-39, 41-43, 52-

54, 138-139, 311-313, 414, 419, 420, 737, 745, 753

proteinosis (see Alveolar proteinosis) structure, 4, 8-9, 183

American Thoracic Society, 130, 135, 431, 451, 473, 485, 580, 624, 625, 630, 638, 695, 714, 720

Amphotericin B, 277, 278, 525, 640-651, 760

Ampicillin, 304 Anaerobic threshold, 2, 143 Anatomic dead space, 5, 41, 42, 48

dyspnea in, 63, 228, 753 oxygen delivery in, 137, 139, 310, 313,

317, 326, 728 Anesthesia, 87, 200, 201, 207-209, 269,

281, 282, 323, 528, 532, 540, 742, 756, 762, 766, 769-771, 773, 775, 781

Angina pectoris, 84, 740 Angiography, 178, 196, 469, 537, 542, 543,

549, 550, 609 Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)

235, 238, 240, 243, 491 Ankylosing spondylitis, 284, 322 ARDS (see Acute respiratory distress syn­

drome) Arterial blood gas (see Blood gas) Arterial carbon dioxide tension (see Carbon

dioxide tension) Arterial oxygen tension (see Oxygen tension) Asbestos, 88-90, 97, 120, 192-196, 272,

281, 282, 331, 332, 490, 570, 668672, 679, 682-690, 696, 718, 719

506, 667-669, 673, 682-688, 696 Aspergilloma, 77, 355, 649, 650 Aspergillosis, 84, 171, 277, 343, 347, 407,

Aspiration, 68, 82, 224, 239, 293, 299-301, 304, 315, 324, 335, 339, 343, 390, 757, 780

gastric, 209, 418, 421, 762 percutaneous needle aspiration biopsy (see

Biopsy, needle) radiologic appearance, 167, 296

Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), 209, 258, 260, 350, 352, 445, 448, 449, 540, 609

Asthma, 429-450 airway hyperresponsiveness in, 141, 432,

456, 701 allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

(ΑΒΡΑ), 525 aspirin-intolerant, 448 atopic (see Extrinsic) clinical features / pathology / physiology,

7, 22, 25, 43-45, 80-84, 118, 119, 125, 127, 130, 140, 148, 223-225, 289, 319-321, 431-434, 520, 657

cough, 235-245 disability, 716 epidemiology, 252 exercise-induced, 442 extrinsic (atopic), 256, 260, 432, 436 methacholine challenge, 141, 432 occupational, 369, 653-666, 716 pathogenesis, 250, 371, 656 patient education, 436 pregnancy, 754-757, 763 reactive Airways Dysfunction Syndrome

(RADS), 663 treatment, 432, 438-441

Atelectasis, 58, 266, 285, 314, 315, 322, 323, 347, 651

after surgery 735, 752,770, 778-780 management, 207, 325, 419, 422 physical findings, 99, 104, 117 radiography, 163, 167, 196

Atopy, 256-258, 260, 432, 434, 446 Atypical pneumonia, 298, 640, 643 Azathioprine, 283, 391, 393, 399, 484,

501-503, 514, 515, 523

Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 617 BAL (see Bronchoalveolar lavage) BALT (see Bronchus-associated lymphoid

tissue) Basophil, 256 BCG (see Bacille Calmette-Guérin) Beclomethasone, 757 Beryllium, 90, 670, 690, 693-696

Beta-agonist, 604 Beta-blocker, 81 Biopsy (lung), 73, 174, 213-220, 493, 499,

506, 520, 527, 643, 670, 692, 708 bronchoscopic, 201, 204, 213, 343 nasal mucosa 73, 258 needle aspiration 171, 178, 216, 335, 573,

641 pleural 192, 269, 276, 573, 616 thoracoscopic 217, 269, 336, 493, 515 thoracotomy (open lung) 217, 336 transbronchial 205, 214, 398, 401, 404,

662 Black lung, 680, 695 Blastomycosis, 277, 300, 639, 643, 644, 652 Blebs, 288 Blood gas, 42, 55, 59, 60, 63, 123, 125, 142,

358, 455, 456, 492, 558, 666, 715, 730, 763

В OOP (see Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia)

Bradykinin, 2, 22 Breathlessness (see Dyspnea) Bronchi [see Bronchus(i)] Bronchial artery, 77, 209, 609, 610, 642,

650, 651 Bronchial breath sounds, 115, 287, 296 Bronchial circulation, 51, 57, 353, 354 Bronchiectasis, 73, 82-84, 97, 258, 297,

323, 350, 628 allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis

(ΑΒΡΑ), 525 computed tomography, 170, 188, 239,

401, 456, 480, 497, 514 cystic fibrosis, 71, 596 hemoptysis, 205, 341, 343, 346 treatment, 243, 386

Bronchiole, 4, 179, 181, 185, 661, 675 Bronchiolitis, 70, 74, 97, 183, 184, 187, 316,

383, 400, 410, 411, 451, 456, 489, 490, 496, 500, 506-508, 513-516, 528, 608, 628, 662, 663, 691, 699, 705

Bronchiolitis obliterans, 70, 74, 97, 183, 184, 187, 316, 383, 400, 410, 411, 489, 496, 500, 507, 513, 515, 516, 528, 608, 662, 663, 699

Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneu­ monia (BOOP), 74, 183, 184, 187, 489, 496, 507-509, 515, 516, 528, 663, 699, 705

Bronchitis, 41, 82-84, 112, 132, 165, 235, 243, 258, 371, 516

[Bronchitis] acute, 118, 294, 295, 302, 341, 347, 350,

752, 776 asthmatic, 431, 434 chronic {see Chronic obstructive pulmo­

nary disease) occupational, 89, 659, 677, 680

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), 69, 201, 205, 210, 215, 218, 220, 278, 299-301, 398, 400, 406, 407, 488, 493, 497, 508, 515, 516, 517, 518, 523-525, 528, 642, 646, 648-650, 651, 658, 670, 685, 693, 695, 706, 708, 711

Bronchodilators, 81, 121, 141, 207, 302, 439, 440, 448, 453, 458, 460, 470, 471, 595, 604, 660, 662, 664, 716, 755, 756, 780

Bronchogenic carcinoma {see Carcinoma, bronchogenic)

Bronchoscope {see Bronchoscopy) Bronchoscopy, 174, 199, 213-220, 235, 335,

390, 480, 493, 609, 616, 779 flexible fiberoptic, 200, 238 in bacterial pneumonia, 204, 301 in bronchogenic carcinoma, 174, 203, 572 in fungal infection, 407, 644, 646, 648,

651 in hemoptysis, 349, 353, 354 rigid, 200, 205, 209, 610 therapeutic (interventional), 206-208 transbronchial biopsy {see Biopsy, trans­

bronchial) Bronchus(i), 4, 5, 7, 8, 21, 51, 70, 71, 77,

83, 105, 155, 158-160, 165, 167, 174, 176, 179, 180, 183, 186, 196, 199, 204, 208, 252, 285, 347, 384, 390, 408, 418, 525, 641

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), 70

Budesonide, 606 Bulla, 74, 230 Byssinosis, 659, 660, 665 B-cell, 220, 409

Cancer {see Carcinoma, neoplasm) Carbon dioxide, 1, 2, 8, 13, 23, 24, 26-29,

31, 51, 53, 54, 56, 63, 123, 125, 143, 209, 309, 321, 413, 432, 492, 558, 611, 722, 723, 727-732, 735, 742, 751, 774

Carbon dioxide production, 1, 2, 143 Carbon dioxide tension, 728, 729

Carcinoma (lung, bronchogenic), 569-580 adenocarcinoma (see Non-small cell) clinical features, 84, 86, 88, 97, 98, 227,

259, 342, 343, 350, 571, 718 diagnosis, 203, 204, 213-217, 333, 572,

573 epidemiology/risk factors, 371-373,

569-571, 679, 689, 694 hemoptysis, 341-356 non-small-cell, 210, 280, 471, 573-576 pleural disease, 190, 280-282 preoperative evaluation, 125, 772-775 radiology, 166, 170, 171-178, 190,

333-337 small cell, 571, 576 solitary pulmonary nodule, 329-340 squamous cell (see Non-small-cell) staging, 174-178, 573-577 therapy, 207-208, 281, 354, 368, 386,

577-579 thromboembolism, 532-534, 540

Cardiac output 2, 7, 51, 52, 58, 59, 62, 63, 81, 94, 107, 250, 291, 309, 311-313, 315-317, 326, 386, 387, 391, 396, 422, 513, 531, 548, 582-584, 589591, 724, 726, 729, 755, 763

CFTR (see Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator)

Chest pain 84, 85, 125, 225, 265, 268, 273, 275-280, 282-285, 287, 295, 298, 345, 477, 488, 510, 534, 536, 574, 583, 599, 614, 615, 641, 643, 647, 648, 688, 694, 753, 759, 760

Chest radiography, 153-198 in asthma, 434 in carcinoma, 166, 174-178, 574-577 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(emphysema), 185, 188, 454 in diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, 165,

166, 179-188, 315, 491-493, 699, 700

in dyspnea and/or cough, 163-165, 225227, 235-238

in hemoptysis, 353, 354 in nontuberculous mycobacterial infection,

627-629 in occupational lung diseases, 669, 675,

676 in pleural diseases, 162, 163, 166, 167,

188-196, 266, 267 in pneumonia, 296 in pneumothorax, 287

[Chest radiography] in pregnancy, 751, 752 in tuberculosis, 614, 615 technique, 153, 154, 169, 170

Chest tube, 268, 272, 274-279, 281, 285, 286, 289-291, 322, 336, 573, 609, 759

Chest x-ray (see Chest radiography) Chronic airflow obstruction, 679 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(COPD), 451-474 acute respiratory failure, 318-332 air travel, 728-732 alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, 87, 384,

453, 456 chest radiography, 185, 188, 454 clinical features, 118-120, 453 cor pulmonale, 106-108, 581-594 disability, 716-718 exacerbations, 467-472 infection, 467-468 occupational diseases, 659-660 physiology /pulmonary function tests, 43-

47, 129-130, 139-141, 455-456 preoperative evaluation and management,

769-782 therapy,

mechanical ventilation, 325-326, 423, 467, 472

medications 458-461, 470 oxygen, 357-370, 461-463, 471-472 rehabilitation programs, 229-230, 463-

465 Surgery, 230, 384, 465-466

Churg-Strauss syndrome, 259, 517, 525, 591 Chyle, 285 Chylothorax, 271, 285 Cigarette (see Smoking) Cigarette smoking (see Smoking) Cilia, 5, 6, 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 78, 249, 258,

260 Ciliary dyskinesia, 75 Closing volume, 322 Clubbing, 74, 89, 96-98, 109, 145, 332, 488,

491, 496, 510, 572, 668, 675, 685, 691, 699, 714, 718

CMV (see Cytomegalovirus) Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP), 679,

Coccidioidomycosis, 183, 277, 646, 652, 760

Colchicine, 393, 489, 503 Collagen, 9, 11, 87, 97, 267, 282, 284, 347,

354, 385, 475, 490, 496, 499, 503, 507, 509, 510, 512, 517, 518, 521, 586, 589, 591, 660, 662, 669, 675, 682, 685

Collagen vascular disease, 267, 282, 385, 490, 507, 510, 517, 518, 586, 589

Community-acquired pneumonia (see Pneu­ monia, community-acquired)

Complement, 71, 77, 163, 271, 273, 278, 279, 282, 283, 300, 333, 520, 521, 606, 640

Compliance, 11, 33, 38, 40, 41, 45, 47, 80, 91, 92, 108, 139, 140, 144, 165, 315, 320-323, 325, 363, 388, 414, 420, 425, 443, 459, 467, 469, 492, 566, 586, 603, 619, 623, 624, 680, 738, 744, 747, 748

Congestive heart failure (see Heart failure, congestive)

Connective tissue disease, 488, 489, 513, 591

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 418, 422, 559, 565-567, 742, 744748, 754, 772, 111

COPD (see Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)

Cor pulmonale, 94, 106, 108, 323, 357, 361, 369, 462, 491, 496, 510, 513, 554, 556-558, 564, 611, 641, 675, 680, 685, 714-716, 721, 728, 729, 777, 780

Coronary artery bypass surgery, 380, 771 Corticosteroids, 321, 393

in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), 316

in asthma, 437-445 in chronic diffuse parenchymal lung dis­

eases, 500, 501, 522-528, 710 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(emphysema), 459, 460, 471 in cystic fibrosis, 606, 607 in lung transplantation, 391-394, 399, 402 in sarcoidosis, 480-484

Cough, 233-246 clinical features 82, 83, 234, 235 evaluation 235-239

CPAP (see Continuous positive airway pressure)

Crackles, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111-113, 117, 119-121, 145, 295, 296, 491, 496, 506, 507, 518, 535, 663, 665, 668, 685, 691, 698, 699, 708, 718

CREST syndrome, 513 Cromolyn sodium, 604 Cryptococcosis, 278, 286, 300, 509, 639,

647, 650 Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis 496, 528

Bronchiolitis obliterans with organiz­ ing pneumonia)

CT (see Computed tomography) CWP (see Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis) Cyanosis, 74, 94, 117, 287, 291, 453, 496,

535, 592, 714, 726, 727, 762 Cyclophosphamide, 125, 484, 497, 501-503,

514, 515, 522, 523, 525 Cyclosporin A, 391, 392, 525 Cystic fibrosis, 51, 68, 70, 71, 74-76, 78,

84, 87, 97, 125, 223-225, 251, 260, 288, 294, 298, 347, 354, 386, 394, 525, 595, 597, 609, 611, 612, 628, 637, 757

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator, 76, 595, 596

Cytokines, 2, 8, 71, 72, 78, 305, 403, 475, 572, 605, 657, 662, 665, 673

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 71, 279, 289, 290, 305, 395, 398, 399, 402-406, 416, 648, 651

Dead space, 5, 41, 42, 47-49, 143, 150, 311, 320, 325, 415, 416, 453, 471, 493, 737, 770, 773

Dead space/tidal volume ratio, 320, 493, 737 Decortication, 194, 196, 276 Dermatomyositis, 284, 488, 515, 516 Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP),

186, 490, 500, 504, 506 Diaphragm, 11, 12, 15-19

in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 452, 463-465

in obesity, 739-742 in pregnancy, 753

[Diaphragm] paralysis/weakness, 95, 96, 318, 319,

323-325 Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (see Alveolar

hemorrhage) Diffusing capacity, 59, 125, 136-138, 146,

148, 150, 228, 231, 455, 488, 489, 492, 497, 513, 514, 526, 574, 596, 597, 669, 714, 737, 753

Diffusion, 5, 8, 41, 55, 58, 59, 123, 125, 146-148, 150, 279, 311, 432, 588, 666, 706, 724, 773-775

Digital clubbing, 96-98 Digitalis, 244 DIP (see Desquamative interstitial

pneumonia) Disability, 88, 126, 143, 145, 310, 372, 380,

381, 557, 564, 653, 659, 668-670, 686, 687, 713-716, 718-720

Diving, 250 Dust mite, 445, 446 Dysphagia, 86, 87, 641 Dyspnea, 221-232

clinical features, 79-81, 163, 222-228 physiologic pathways, 12, 25, 26, 125 therapy, 207, 228-231, 276, 280-282 see a lso specific diseases

EBV (see Epstein-Barr virus) Echocardiography, 58, 227, 354, 407, 480,

587 Edema (peripheral), 87, 501, 513, 534, 729,

740 in cor pulmonale, 106-108, 453, 558,

edema Egophony, 104, 105, 296 Elastase, 456 Elastic recoil, 4, 11, 17, 32, 39, 43, 95, 96,

117, 132, 134, 139, 223, 413, 414, 451, 452, 466, 473, 492

Elastin, 9 Embolism, pulmonary (see Pulmonary embo­

lism) Emphysema (see Chronic obstructive pulmo­

nary disease) Empyema, 190, 193, 194, 263, 265, 269,

271-277, 281, 283, 285, 286, 291, 305, 306, 355, 615

Endotracheal tube, 121, 314, 317, 320, 325, 417, 418, 528, 611, 764

Eosinophil, 523, 525, 657, 706 Eosinophilic granuloma, 74, 97, 185, 205,

489, 490, 492, 500, 506, 510, 512 Epithelial cell, 68, 75, 527, 596 Epstein-Barr virus, 279, 403, 405, 406, 409 Erythema nodosum, 277, 278, 477, 478, 481,

483, 485, 640 Esophagus, 16, 140, 158, 174, 175, 239, 285,

343, 371, 641 Exercise, 80, 81, 223, 453, 488, 582, 587,

597, 724 asthma, 439, 440, 447 exercise testing, 138, 142-144, 150, 396,

456, 480, 492, 493, 574, 669, 686, 715, 738, 740, 773-775

physiology, 17, 23, 31, 44, 59, 582, 753 rehabilitation/therapy, 358-361, 366, 367,

Expiratory reserve volume, 133, 737, 747, 753

Fat embolism, 316, 352 FEV (see Forced expiratory volume) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (see Bronchoscopy) Fibroblast, 275, 403, 673 Fibrosis (see Cystic fibrosis; Idiopathic pul­

monary fibrosis; specific diseases) Fibrothorax, 194, 277 Fick equation, 63 Fistula, 277, 280, 283, 290, 426, 615 Fluoroscopy, 154, 166, 335 Forced expiratory volume (FEV), 125, 129,

227, 372, 455, 542, 753, 757 Forced vital capacity (FVC), 120, 125-127,

129-133, 139, 143-149, 227, 372, 396, 397, 455, 466, 471, 492, 501, 599, 701, 716-719, 737, 738, 741, 744, 758

FRC (see Functional residual capacity) Fremitus, 99, 109, 265, 287, 296 Functional impairment (see Impairment) Functional residual capacity, 3, 32, 33, 36,

39, 133-136, 140, 144, 146, 147, 322, 432, 455, 466, 492, 737, 741, 742, 744, 747, 748, 753, 758, 770, 771, 778

FVC (see Forced vital capacity)

Gastroesophageal reflux, 81, 86, 87, 206, 235, 245, 445, 446

Granuloma, 74, 97, 171, 185, 259, 475, 489, 490, 500, 506, 509, 510, 517, 614, 615, 641, 642, 645, 652

H+ (see Hydrogen ion) HACE (high-altitude cerebral edema) (see

Altitude) Hamartoma, 171, 333 Hamman-Rich syndrome, 184, 506, 515,

520 HAPE (high-altitude pulmonary edema) (see

Altitude) Hard metal disease, 506, 672, 691, 693 Heart failure, congestive, 117, 126, 163, 190,

224, 226, 239, 266, 267, 271-273, 303, 357, 434, 478, 532, 541, 558, 722, 728, 740, 757, 776, 780

Helium, 59, 134-136, 206 Hematocrit, 63, 74, 77, 272, 285, 317, 357,

518, 558, 729, 745, 746 Hemoglobin, 60-64, 74, 94, 136-139, 144,

228, 309, 311, 317, 396, 462, 471, 558

Hemoptysis, 8, 170, 205, 341-356, 488, 534, 535

in alveolar hemorrhage, 512, 517-520 in bronchiectasis, 346 in carcinoma, 336, 343, 571 in cystic fibrosis, 598, 609 in infection, 278, 343, 614, 641, 642, 646,

648-650 Massive, 351 Therapy, 352, 354, 522, 609, 610

Hemothorax, 193, 194, 268, 272, 284-286, 291, 759

Heparin, 532, 540, 541, 543-547, 549, 550, 746, 766, 767, 781

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, 88, 342

High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) (see Altitude

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) (see Altitude)

High-resolution computed tomography (see Computed tomography)

Histoplasmosis, 86, 183, 278, 286, 296, 300, 330, 331, 628, 637, 639-646, 650652

Honeycomb lung, 510, 515 Hydrogen ion (H+), 63, 320, 321 Hypercapnia, 24, 26, 27, 55, 58, 62, 223,

231, 318, 327, 420, 423, 453, 455, 456, 467, 471, 472, 739, 741, 742, 746, 748, 749, 773, 775

131, 136, 223, 225, 321, 322, 326, 390, 420, 423, 434, 452-456, 466, 469, 514, 526, 658, 660, 699

Hyperpnea, 223, 320 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 79, 81, 87, 89,

90, 113, 183, 184, 186, 205, 479, 489-492, 500, 507, 509, 628, 664, 666, 672, 690, 693, 697, 699, 710, 711, 758

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 97, 109 Hyperventilation 26, 81, 225, 227, 228, 230,

497, 723, 725, 729, 730, 735, 739, 751, 753

Hypothyroidism 251, 258, 320, 326, 558 Hypoventilation 18, 23, 26, 27, 29, 42, 55,

58, 60, 209, 310-312, 314, 327, 368, 426, 467, 514, 558, 740, 742, 747, 749

Hypoxemia (see Hypoxia, hypoxemia) Hypoxia (hypoxemia), 309, 314-317, 396,

488, 597 evaluation, 143, 358, 455, 492, 557, 558,

574, 669, 715, 774, 775 physiologic mechanisms, 21, 23, 24, 26-

28, 55-59, 60-63, 310-314, 452, 532, 723-725, 737, 770

physiologic consequences, 18, 81, 96, 223, 226, 320, 587-589, 725-728

therapy, 228, 317, 318, 357-368, 461463, 471, 566, 610, 731, 732, 745

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 9, 117, 487, 589, 685-687, 718, 758

clinical features, 80, 86, 97, 98, 120, 146, 488-492, 496

diagnosis, 205, 214, 217, 493, 499 Hamman-Rich syndrome, 506 lung transplantation, 384, 385, 394, 504 radiography, 180, 186, 491, 497-499 therapy, 500-504

Impairment, 3, 6, 40, 65, 80, 87, 94, 126, 266, 310, 311, 319, 320, 386, 413, 421, 422, 463, 464, 470, 485, 488, 497, 528, 555, 557, 564, 574, 668670, 675, 679, 680, 692, 713-716, 718-720, 729, 770, 771, 773, 776

Influenza, 78, 253, 279, 293, 294, 298, 305, 403, 406, 468, 597, 698, 759, 760

Inspiratory capacity, 133, 322 Intercostal muscle, 15-17, 81, 83, 85 Interstitial lung disease, 475-530, 667-713

clinical features, 82, 89, 105, 117, 222, 227, 282, 384, 385, 487-494, 668, 718, 758

lung biopsy, 205, 215, 217, 218, 493, 670 physiologic testing, 137, 140, 492, 669,

IPF (see Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis)

Kyphoscoliosis 33, 94, 322, 386, 758, 763

LAM (see Lymphangio(leio)myomatosis) Larynx, 19, 68, 83, 85, 86, 99, 104, 105,

149, 249, 294, 371, 431, 552 Laser, 203, 206-208, 210, 211, 354, 408,

481, 482, 567 Leukotriene, 438, 448, 449, 732 Lung cancer [see Carcinoma (lung, broncho­

genic)] Lung sound, 112, 121 Lung transplantation, 383-410

immunosuppression, 391-394 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

384, 465, 466 in cystic fibrosis 386, 607-610 in diffuse interstitial lung disease, 384,

485, 489, 504, 527, 679, 687, 694 in pulmonary vascular disease, 385, 589 pulmonary infection, 403-407 rejection, 397-403

Lung volume, 12, 16, 17, 19, 20, 32, 34, 37, 39, 52, 56, 123, 125, 130, 132-135, 137, 139, 140, 142-144, 146-148, 221, 223, 226, 230, 316, 317, 322, 411, 414, 423, 452, 455, 466, 491, 508, 512, 527, 689, 743, 774, 782

Lymphangio(leio)myomatosis (LAM), 185, 186, 210, 526, 527

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia, 515, 516 Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, 509 Lymphoma, 84, 184, 190, 273, 280, 285,

409, 509

Macrophage, 68, 70-72, 305, 633 Malignancy (see Carcinoma; Lymphoma;

Mesothelioma; Neoplasm) Maximal voluntary ventilation (M W ), 737,

739, 744, 747, 773, 775 Measles, 279, 294, 296 Mediastinum, 9, 12, 84, 155, 160, 162, 163,

167, 175, 176, 180, 186, 196, 267, 284, 285, 290, 291, 407, 574-576, 641

Mesothelioma, 167, 190, 195, 196, 265, 267, 271, 280, 282, 490, 683-685, 689, 690

Metabolic acidosis, 223, 318, 320, 425, 724 Metabolic alkalosis, 320 Metered dose inhaler, 458 Methotrexate, 393, 399, 402, 483, 484, 486,

490, 496, 503, 523 Mixed connective tissue disease, 513, 591 Mountain sickness, 725, 726, 729, 732

248, 249, 256, 408, 447, 452, 460, 597, 603-606, 658, 660, 770, 771

M W (see Maximal voluntary ventilation) Myasthenia gravis, 12, 37, 422, 504, 510,

758, 763 Mycobacterial infection, 71

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 613-626 clinical features, 86, 97, 255, 276, 341,

613-615, 677, 760 diagnosis, 269, 272, 277, 298, 615-

619 radiography, 180, 183, 296, 330 therapy, 619-622, 760-762

Mycobacterium avium complex, 628, 631, 632, 637, 651

Nontuberculous mycobacteria, 627-638 clinical features, 255, 262, 627-630,

677 diagnosis, 287, 630, 631 radiography, 183, 628, 629 therapy, 631-637

Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 262, 294, 299, 300, 759

Neoplasm (not bronchogenic carcinoma), metastatic to lung, 190, 195, 280, 331,

409 Nicotine, 372, 375, 376, 378-381, 754 Nitrogen, 41, 48, 49, 53, 134, 362, 502, 661,

662, 682, 770 Nocardia, 278, 279, 296, 298, 299, 527 Nocardiosis, 278, 279, 286

Obesity, 19, 33, 126, 226, 322, 464, 532, 540, 554, 558, 565, 735-745, 747749, 754, 763, 768, 772, 776

Obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, 558, 749 Obstructive lung disease {see Chronic ob­

structive pulmonary disease) Obstructive sleep apnea {see Sleep apnea) Orthopnea, 80, 226, 227, 273, 282, 323, 469,

583, 753 Oximetry, 123, 138, 139, 143, 144, 150, 209,

225, 227, 228, 231, 239, 296, 420, 456, 462, 465, 488, 492, 493, 604

Oxygen, 18, 21-25, 45-47, 94, 138, 142, 143, 227-229, 309, 314-317, 396, 513, 553, 560, 574, 588, 721, 754, 762, 772

gas transfer, 1, 8, 53-60, 310-313, 488, 492, 493, 537, 610, 701, 737, 770

therapy, 290, 305, 317, 318, 324, 357368, 419, 461-463, 471, 472, 566, 611, 679, 729, 732, 745

transport/delivery, 60-63, 722-724, 730 Oxygen consumption, 1, 45, 62, 63, 126,

143, 150, 228, 311, 312, 313, 321, 396, 552, 574, 716, 722, 737, 751, 753, 774, 781

Oxygen tension, 229, 310, 311, 367, 368, 537, 588, 722-725, 729-731, 737

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, 471 Oxyhemoglobin, 21, 60-62, 138, 358, 361,

723, 740, 742, 754, 760

PAC02, 23, 42, 49, 54, 55, 60, 310, 318, 320, 321, 325, 415, 416, 420, 423, 497, 723, 728, 735, 737, 739, 742, 744748, 751, 753, 755, 763, 774, 775

252, 584, 585 PA0 2, 21, 23, 28, 42, 54, 55, 58-60, 63,

309-314, 318, 357-359, 368, 369,

390, 492, 574, 715, 728, 730, 737, 742, 744, 746-748, 753, 760, 762

* Paraneoplastic syndrome, 572 Parapneumonic effusion, 99, 190, 265, 267,

272, 275, 283, 286 Patient education, 436, 437, 443, 448, 463 PC02, 19, 23-25, 28, 54, 55, 57, 59, 125,

138, 453, 466, 471, 472, 542, 574, 608, 610, 723. See also Carbon di­ oxide

Peak expiratory flow, 127, 432, 443, 718, 755

Pectoriloquy, 105, 109, 115, 266, 296 Pectus excavatum, 94, 628, 637, 638 PEEP {see Positive end-expiratory pressure) Percussion, 93, 94, 102, 103, 108, 109, 118-

120, 207, 265, 296, 453, 603 Perfusion scanning {see Scintigraphic study) Pericarditis, 85, 478, 622 pH, 23, 48, 60, 235, 238-240, 242, 244,

271, 272, 274-276, 279, 280, 282, 283, 285, 306, 309, 318-320, 324, 325, 416, 423, 610, 661, 723, 732, 746, 747, 753

Phrenic nerve, 12, 20, 22, 408, 776 Physical examination, 93-122

188, 189, 192-196, 266, 287-290, 306, 326, 510, 526, 572, 608, 615, 646, 687, 688

Pleural effusion, 85, 216, 218, 265-292, 326, 510, 535, 688, 689, 741, 758, 759

chylothorax, 271, 285, 526 in infection, 274-280, 296, 301, 305, 306,

615, 760 in carcinoma/malignancy, 216, 280-282,

572, 573, 577 physical findings, 99, 100, 102, 105, 265 physiology, 4, 266 radiography, 154, 159-165, 167, 174,

188-192, 266, 267 thorocentesis, 216, 267-269 transudate vs. exudate, 269-273

Pleural fluid {see Pleural effusion) Pleural space [see Pleura (pleural space)] Pleurisy, 85, 113, 267, 279, 291

Pleurodesis, 192, 269, 273, 274, 280-283, 285, 290, 609

PMF (see Progressive massive fibrosis) Pneumococcal pneumonia (see Pneumonia) Pneumococcal vaccine, 78 Pneumoconiosis, 90, 384, 490, 668-670,

679, 680, 682, 683, 686, 690-693, 695

Pneumomediastinum, 99, 291, 347, 759 Pneumonectomy, 94, 167, 227, 232, 277,

496, 574, 577, 758, 773, 775 Pneumonia, 73, 205, 225, 293-308, 315-

317, 399, 403, 467, 639-652, 698 aspiration (see Aspiration) chest radiography, 162-165, 184, 187,

296, 699 clinical features, 84, 99, 101-105, 113,

119, 225, 295, 345, 640, 643, 644, 759, 760

community-acquired, 293, 299, 300, 304, 306, 307, 523, 759

epidemiology/risk factors, 73, 293, 371, 751, 759, 772, 776

etiology, 217, 294-301, 639, 640, 643, 644, 645

pleural disease, 274-277, 305, 306 therapy, 276, 302-305, 418, 421, 752,

Pneumonitis (see specific diseases) Pneumothorax, 209, 265-292, 322, 336, 467,

573, 651 clinical features, 94, 99, 103, 105, 224,

225, 287-291 in cystic fibrosis 608 in eosinophilic granuloma, 510 in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, 526 in pregnancy, 764-767 radiology, 154, 160, 161, 184, 287 therapy, 290

P02, 19, 21, 23, 24, 28, 54, 57, 59-63, 138, 462, 466, 471, 537, 542, 608, 610, 701, 721, 723, 724, 742

see a lso Oxygen tension Poliomyelitis, 426 Polyarteritis nodosa, 517, 521, 591 Polymyositis, 284, 488, 489, 496, 515, 516,

758 Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP),

289, 315, 316, 318-320, 322, 327, 419-423, 762, 770

Postnasal drip, 206, 235, 244, 245, 255, 431, 445

Postural drainage, 243, 305, 603, 757 Pregnancy, 87, 226, 258, 259, 273, 371, 373,

378, 432, 526, 533, 534, 541, 545, 550, 617, 618, 622, 751, 753-768

Pressure-volume, 34, 39, 134, 140, 492 Progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), 675,

679-681 Progressive systemic sclerosis, 284, 491, 758 Pseudotumor, 267, 353 Psittacosis, 298, 299 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (see Alveolar

proteinosis) Pulmonary artery, 52, 106, 108, 158-160,

316, 342, 345, 349, 361, 367, 384, 396, 461, 531, 532, 548, 574, 581, 582, 584-592, 726, 729-732, 741, 762

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, 273, 591, 762

Pulmonary edema, altitude, 726 clinical features, 80, 83, 105, 115, 119,

224-226, 269-271, 273, 357, 469 pregnancy, 762, 763 radiography, 164, 167, 181, 183, 184 reexpansion, 268, 291 therapy, 357, 416-419, 422 see a lso Acute respiratory distress syn­

drome Pulmonary embolism, 531-550

clinical features, 22, 107, 108, 225, 267, 270-274, 284, 317, 534

diagnosis, 170, 178, 536-538 epidemiology, 531-534 in carcinoma, 532-534, 540 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

468 in obesity, 740, 743 in pregnancy, 764-767 therapy, 538-548

Pulmonary fibrosis (see Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; specific diseases)

532, 537, 555, 564, 641, 642, 715, 726

clinical features, 106-108, 228, 273, 342, 345, 346, 582-586

[Pulmonary function] diagnosis, 353, 586, 587, 773 pathogenesis, 581, 582 primary, 385, 589-591 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

150, 452-454, 469, 587-589 in chronic diffuse parenchymal lung dis­

eases, 488, 491, 497, 513, 587-589 in cystic fibrosis, 610, 757 in obesity, 741-743 therapy, 354, 361, 394, 462, 589

Pulmonary infarction, 84, 113, 284, 531, 535 Pulmonary nodule, 166, 170, 197, 204, 220,

329, 331, 338, 339, 573, 640, 641, 645

Pulmonary rehabilitation, 229-232, 463465, 485

Pulmonary vascular resistance, 52, 57, 314, 316, 420, 548, 581, 582, 590

Pulmonary vasculitis (se e Vasculitis) Pulmonary vein, 726 Pulse oximetry (se e Oximetry)

Race, 3, 554, 714, 773 Radiation, 153, 167, 204, 207, 280, 281,

317, 323, 343, 354, 483, 496, 575, 577, 578, 719, 751, 764-766

Radiography, 160-162, 196, 266, 276, 434, 454, 456, 647, 664, 668, 669

Radionuclide imaging {see Scintigraphic study)

Rapid eye movement, (REM) sleep {see Sleep)

Rejection, transplant, 383, 386, 388, 391 — 395, 397-410, 466, 504, 607, 608

REM sleep {see Sleep) Residual volume (RV), 39, 106-108, 126,

130, 132-136, 144, 146, 147, 432, 455, 466, 469, 470, 492, 506, 741

Respirator, 624, 710, 745 Respiratory acidosis {see Acid-base balance) Respiratory alkalosis {see Acid-base balance) Respiratory failure, 11, 17, 35, 288, 299,

304-314, 318-322, 506, 515, 527, 542, 643, 658, 685, 726-728

clinical features, 95, 324 in acute respiratory distress syndrome,

315, 316, 422, 423 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

423, 469-472

[Respiratory failure] in cystic fibrosis, 610, 611 in pregnancy, 762-764 therapy, 304, 325, 326, 357, 413, 425

Respiratory impairment and disability, 310, 713, 720

Respiratory muscles, 1, 11, 12, 15, 17-20, 22, 26, 29, 31-33, 37, 43, 44, 223, 226, 229, 321, 324, 325, 327, 422425, 452, 453, 464, 465, 467, 553, 611, 738, 739, 741, 753, 780

Restrictive lung disease, 130, 137, 143, 196, 390, 402, 426, 494

Rheumatoid arthritis, 282, 332, 488-490, 496, 503, 513, 514, 758

Rib, 11, 15-17, 83, 85, 154, 155, 166, 175, 188, 195, 267, 276, 278, 288, 321, 322, 324, 325, 572, 753

Right ventricle, 155, 454, 531, 582, 586 Rigid bronchoscopy {see Bronchoscopy,

rigid) RV {see Residual volume)

Sarcoidosis, 83, 84, 97, 180, 181, 186, 205, 237, 244, 251, 259, 343, 355, 384, 475, 477-483, 485-487, 489-493, 503, 517, 586, 649, 691, 693, 694, 699, 705, 706, 758

Scintigraphic study, 58, 480, 773 Scleroderma, 513, 515, 516, 591 Sepsis, 77, 262, 278, 316, 318, 320, 321,

325, 416, 422, 518 Septic shock, 310 Sequestration, 677 Shunt, 8, 52, 55, 57-59, 138, 227, 281, 311,

313, 317, 527, 587, 590, 592, 737 Silica, 97, 250, 670, 672-677, 679-683, 695 Silicosis, 90, 180, 181, 527, 618, 667-669,

673-677, 679, 680, 683, 686, 695, 728

Single-breath diffusing capacity, 669, 737 Sinusitis, 68, 73-75, 85, 86, 239-242, 247,

250-252, 255, 258, 261-264, 301, 406, 431, 437, 445, 446, 448, 518, 520, 746

SLE {see Systemic lupus erythematosus) Sleep, 80, 81, 87, 242, 249, 320, 326, 358-

361, 551-568, 754 altitude effects, 722, 725, 730 apnea, 261, 554-558, 735, 739, 742 evaluation/diagnosis, 558-563

[Sleep] in obesity, 742, 744, 745 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

467, 471 physiology, 19, 27-29, 551-554, 739 rapid eye movement (REM), 28, 551-553,

742, 754 therapy, 418, 462, 467, 563-567, 744, 745

Small cell carcinoma (see Carcinoma, small cell)

Smoking, 88, 129, 187, 228, 255, 352, 371373, 490, 532, 540, 653, 659, 668, 681, 718, 754, 772-775

in carcinoma, 331, 343, 569, 679, 689 cessation, 228, 374-379, 457 in chronic diffuse parenchymal lung dis­

ease, 490, 504, 506, 510 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

145, 453, 457, 463, 468, 681 epidemiology, 332, 371 prevention, 373, 374

Snoring, 260, 261, 553-555, 557, 563, 567, 568, 742

Solitary pulmonary nodule, 166, 170-174, 329-340

143-151, 207, 227, 228, 231, 238, 353, 397, 401, 431, 432, 434, 436, 443, 444, 448, 455, 456, 460, 488, 489, 500, 542, 573, 597, 599, 606, 657, 658, 662, 665, 670, 709, 714, 716, 720, 731, 737, 740, 748, 773, 775, 776, 778, 782

Spontaneous pneumothorax, 184, 188, 225, 265, 287, 288, 290, 291, 526, 608, 609, 759

Sputum (see specific diseases) Squamous cell carcinoma (see Carcinoma,

non-small-cell) Status asthmaticus, 426, 763, 764 Superior vena cava, 160, 284, 575, 641 Surfactant, 8, 34, 71, 215, 291, 316, 497,

499, 527 Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 282,

283, 347, 352, 488, 489, 513, 515, 516, 518, 520, 523, 591

Tachypnea, 117, 287, 291, 295, 324, 440, 469, 491, 535, 608, 762, 763

Talc, 2, 97, 269, 281, 290, 517, 682, 695 Thoracentesis, 103, 105, 176, 190, 192, 216,

267-269, 272-275, 277, 281, 284, 286, 290, 305, 306, 322, 573, 760

Thoracic cage, 11, 12, 84, 95, 421 Thoracoscopy, 217, 219, 220, 269, 281, 282,

306, 339, 616, 774 Thoracostomy, 268, 272, 274, 275, 277, 285,

289, 290, 306, 609 Thorax, 2, 4, 11, 12, 30, 64, 84, 93-95, 99,

103, 108, 115, 154, 160, 163, 167, 194, 218, 228, 269, 390, 449, 480, 528, 695, 737, 768

Thrombolytic therapy, 276, 518, 547-549, 766

Thrombophlebitis, 224 Thrombosis, 263, 284, 316, 353, 469, 531,

532, 534-538, 540-542, 545, 547550, 589, 743, 764, 765, 777, 780

Tidal volume, 18, 25, 41, 45, 49, 143, 150, 320, 325, 414-421, 423, 425, 453, 463, 471, 493, 552, 580, 737, 738, 741, 742, 746-748, 751, 753, 770, 773

TLC (see Total lung capacity) Tobacco smoking (see Smoking) Toluene diisocyanate, 89, 656, 705 Total lung capacity (TLC), 3, 33, 37, 38, 44,

126, 129, 130, 132-137, 140, 144, 146-148, 432, 455, 466, 492, 497, 501, 669, 686, 701, 737, 741, 744, 747, 753, 758

Trachea, 4, 5, 21, 35, 48, 68, 69, 94, 99, 105, 111, 118, 155, 174-176, 199, 204, 208, 290, 366, 384, 403, 418, 641

Tracheostomy, 323, 324, 341, 347, 418, 426, 565, 745

Transbronchial lung biopsy, 218, 219, 398, 400, 401, 404, 407

tion) Transplantation (not lung), 485, 305 Tube thoracostomy, 268, 272, 274, 275, 277,

285, 289, 290, 306 Tuberculosis, 613-624

see also Mycobacterial infection Tumor (see Carcinoma; Neoplasm)

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) 567

V/Q (see Ventilation/perfusion ratio) VA (see Alveolar ventilation) Vasculitis, 259, 272, 279, 284, 316, 347,

352, 434, 446, 478, 489, 509, 513, 516-518, 520-523, 525, 589, 591, 592, 692, 705

Vasoconstriction, 57, 94, 250, 258, 313, 314, 469, 513, 587-589, 743, 748, 754, 755

Vasodilation, 513, 742 VC (see Vital capacity) VC02, 722 VD/VT (see Dead space/tidal volume ratio) VE (see Ventilation, minute) Ventilation, 11, 18, 23-26, 39-43, 46, 143,

227, 309, 318-322, 452, 488, 574, 737-739, 745, 746, 751, 753, 770772

alveolar, 6, 39, 55, 56, 492, 723 mechanical/assisted, 205, 289, 290, 318-

322, 326, 394, 413-421, 467-472, 611, 762

minute, 1, 2, 16, 44, 143, 464 Ventilation/perfusion, 55, 64, 311, 396, 452,

469, 471, 535, 536, 543, 549, 550, 574, 590, 642, 741, 770, 778

Ventilation/perfusion ratio, 56, 311, 313, 315-317

Ventilator, 210, 286, 289, 317, 318, 320, 327, 407, 413, 414, 416-427, 472, 611, 745

Ventilatory failure (see Respiratory failure) Vital capacity (VC), 93, 125, 127, 130, 132,

150, 227, 323, 372, 425, 455, 542, 669, 686, 688, 698, 701, 709, 737, 741, 744, 747, 748, 753, 758, 763, 771, 776

V 02 (see Oxygen consumption) Vocal cord, 132, 141, 149, 151 VT (see Tidal volume)

Wheezing, 81-83, 115, 116, 118-120, 125, 206, 401, 699, 714

in asthma, 91, 118, 132, 149, 241, 252, 431, 448, 525, 658, 662, 756

in carcinoma, 571 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,

453, 456, 660 in cystic fibrosis, 599, 604 in sarcoidosis, 477

X-ray, chest (see Chest radiography)