) e

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical eC) (%) class Benzoic acid 24 D Benzol 24 100 A Benzonitrile 24-100 A Benzophenone 24-100 A Benzotrichloride 24-100 B Benzotrifluoride 24-100 B Benzoyl chloride 100 C Benzoyl peroxide 24-100 B Benzyl acetate 24-100 B Benzyl alcohol 24-100 B Benzylbutyl phithalate 24-100 B Benzyl cellulose 24-100 B Benzyl chloride 24-100 B Benzyl ethyl aniline 24-100 B Benzylphenol 24-100 B Benzylphenol salicylate 24-100 B Benzylsulfonilic acid 24-100 B Beryllium chloride 100 D Beryllium fluoride 24-100 B Beryllium sulfate 24-100 10-50 B Boric acid 24-149 10-100 B Bornyl acetate 24-100 B Bornyl chloride 24-100 B Bornyl fonnate 24-100 B Boron trichloride 24-100 B Boron trifluoride 24-204 A Bromic acid 24-100 10-30 B Bromine 24 B Bromobenzene 24-100 B Bromofonn 24-100 B Butane 24 A Butanediols 24 B Butyl acetate 24 B Butyl benzoate 24-100 B Butyl butyrate 24-100 B Butyl glycolate 24-100 B Butyl mercaptan 24 C Butyl oxalate 24 B Butyl phenols 24 C Butyl phthalates 24-100 B Butyl stearate 24-100 B Butyl urethane 24-100 B

Table 59 Continued

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical (0C) (%) class Butyric acid 24 10-100 D Butyric aldehydes 24-100 B Butyrolactone 24-100 B Cadmium cyanide 24 D Cadmium sulfate 24-100 10-30 A Calcium acetate 24 20 B Calcium acid phosphate 24 10-30 B Calcium benzoate 24-100 B Calcium bicarbonate 24 C Calcium bisulfite 24 B Calcium bromide 24-100 30 B Calcium carbonate 24 20 D Calcium chlorate 24 10-30 B Calcium chloride 24 20 A Calcium chromate 24-100 10 B Calcium dihydrogen sulfite + S02 24 5 A Calcium disulfide 24 B Calcium fluoride 24-100 B Calcium gluconate 24-100 B Calcium hydroxide 24 10 D Calcium lactate 100 10 B Calcium nitrate 24 10 D Calcium oxalate 24-100 10 B Calcium phosphate 100 10 B Calcium pyridine sulfonate + H2SO. 24 20 A Calcium stearate 24-100 10 B Calcium sulfaminate 24-100 A Calcium sulfate 24-100 10 B Calcium sulfide 100 C Calcium sulfite 24-100 10 B Camphene 24-100 B Camphor 100 A Camphor sulfonic acid 24 20-100 C Capric acid 24-100 B Caprolactone 24-100 B Capronaldehyde 24 A Capronaldehyde 52-100 B Cabozole 24-100 B Carbitol 24-100 B Carbon disulfide 24-100 A Carbon fluoride 24-100 B Carbon tetrabromide 100 C

Table 59 Continued

Table 59 Continued

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical (0C) (%) class Chloronitrobenzene 24-100 B Chlorophenohydroxy acetic acid 24-100 B Chlorophenol 24 C Chloroquinine 24 C Chlorosilanes 24-100 B Chlorosulfonic acid 24 C Chlorosulfonic acid + 50% S03 19 40 C Chlorotoluene 24-100 B Chlorotoluene sulfonic acid 24 C Chlorotoluidine 24-100 B Chlorotrifluro ethylene 24-100 B Chloroxylenols 24 C Chloroxylols 24-100 B Cholesterol 24-100 B Chromic acid 24 B Chromic chloride 24-100 B Chromic fluoride 24-100 B Chromic hydroxide 24-100 B Chromic phosphate 24-100 B Chromic sulfate 24-100 10 B Chromium potassium sulfate 24-100 10 B Chromium sulfate (basic) 24-100 20-50 B Chromyl chlorides 24-100 B Citric acid 24-79 10-30 B Citric acid 24 50-100 D Cobalt sulfate 24 10-30 B Copper chloride 24 10-40 D Copper sulfate 24-100 10-70 B M-cresol + 10% water 25 Liquid B M-cresol + 10% water BP Vapor D O-cresol + 10% water 25 Liquid B O-cresol + 10% water BP Vapor D Cresote 24 90 D Cresylic acid 24 90 D Cresylic acid 24 100 B Crotonaldehyde 24-100 B Crotonic acid 24 D Cumaldehyde 24-100 B Cumene 24-100 B Cumene hydroperoxide 24 D Cyanamide 24-100 B Cyanoacetic acid 24 D

Table 59 Continued

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical eC) (%) class Cyanogen gas 24 D Cyclohexane 24 B Cyclohexanol 24 B Cyclohexanol esters 24-100 B Cyclohexanone 24 B Cyclohexene 24-100 B Cyclohexylamine 24 D Cyclopentane 24-100 B DDT 24 B Dialkyl sulfates 24-100 B Dibenzyl 24-100 B Dibutyl phthalate 24-100 B Dibutyl thioglycolate 24-100 B Dibutyl thiourea 24-100 B Dichlorobenzene 24-100 10-100 B Dichlorodifiuro-methane (Freon-12) 24-100 90 A Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD) 24-100 B Dichloroethylene 24-100 A Diethanolamine 24 B Diethyl ether 24 B Diethylamine 24 D Diethylaniline 24-100 B Diethylene glycol 24-52 B Difiuoroethane 24-100 B Diglycolic acid 24 D Dihydroxydiphenylsulfone 24-100 B Diisobutyl 24-100 B Dimethyl ether 24-100 B Dioxane 24-100 B Diphenyl 24-100 B Diphenyl chloride 24-100 B Diphenylamine 24-100 A Diphenylene oxide 24-100 B Diphenylpropane 24-100 B Epichlorohydrin 24 A Ethane 24-100 A Ether 24 B Ethyl acetate 24-79 B Ethyl benzene 24-100 B Ethyl butyrate 24-100 B Ethyl cellulose 24-100 B Ethyl chloride 24-100 B

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical eC) (%) class Ethyl ether 24-100 B Ethyl formate 100 C Ethyl lactate 24-100 B Ethyl mercaptan 100 D Ethyl stearate 24-100 B Ethyl sulfonic acid 24 B Ethyl sulfonic acid 100 C Ethylene 24-100 A Ethylene bromide 100 B Ethylene chlorohydrin 24 90 A Ethylene chlorohydrin 52-100 100 B Ethylene cyanohydrin 24 A Ethylene cyanohydrin 52-100 100 B Ethylene dibromide 24 90 D Ethylene dichloride 24-100 B Ethylene glycol 50 B Ethylene oxide 24 B 2-Ethylhexoic acid 71 96 C Ferric ammonium sulfate 24-100 10-20 A Ferric chloride 24 20-30 D Ferric ferrocyanide 66-93 A Ferric sulfate 24-79 10-20 A Ferrous ammonium sulfate 24 10 B Ferrous chloride 24 10-30 C Ferrous sulfate 24-100 10 B Auoboric acid 24 30 C Auocarboxylic acid 24 D Auorine 24-100 A Auosilicic acid 45 10 D Formaldehyde 24-52 20-100 B Formamime 24-100 B Formic acid 24-100 10-100 D Furfural 24-100 B Gluconic acid 24 10-100 B Glutamic acid 24 D Glycerol 24 B Glycerophosphoric acid 24 B Glycol monoether 24-100 B Glycolic acid 24 10-100 B Glycolic acid 100 10 D Heptachlorobutene 24 B Heptane 24-100 A

Table 59 Continued

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical (DC) (%) class Hexachlorobutadiene 24-100 A Hexachlorobutene 24 B Hexachloroethane 24-100 B Hexamethylene tetramine 24-100 10-40 B Hydrazine 24 20-100 D Hydriodic acid 24 10-50 D Hydrobromic acid 24 10-70 D Hydrochloric acid (see Table 10) 24 0-10 C Hydrofluoric acid 24 2-10 B Hydrogen bromide (Anh HBr) 100 D Hydrogen chloride (Anh HCI) 24 100 A Hydrogen peroxide 24 10-30 D Hydrogen sulfide 24 90-100 B Hydroquinine 24-100 10 B Hydroxyacetic acid 24 A Hypochlorous acid 24 D Iodine 24 D Iodoform 24-100 10 B Isobutyl chloride 24 B Isobutyl phosphate 24 B Isopropanol 24 A Lactic acid 24 10-100 D Lead acetate 24 10-30 D Lead arsenate 24-100 B Lead azide 24-100 B Lead chloride 24-100 B Lead chromate 24-100 B Lead dioxide 24-100 B Lead nitrate 24-100 B Lead oxide 24-100 B Lead peroxide 24-100 B Lead sulfate 24-100 B Lithium chloride 24-100 10 B Lithium hydroxide 24 D Lithium hypochlorite 24-79 10 A Lithopone 24 A Magnesium carbonate 24 10 D Magnesium chloride 24 0-10 C Magnesium chloride 24 10-100 D Magnesium hydroxide 24 10-30 D Magnesium sulfate 24-100 10-60 B Magnesium anhydride 27 10 C

Table 59 Continued

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical (0C) (%) class Malic acid 100 B Mercuric chloride 24 10 C Mercuric sulfate 24-100 10 B Mercurous nitrate 24 D Mercury 24 100 D Methanol 30 B Methyl ethyl ketone 24-100 10-100 B Methyl isobutyl ketone 24-100 10-100 B Methylene chloride 24-100 B Monochloroacetic acid 24 20-100 D Monochlorobenzene 24 90 D Monoethanolamine 171 C Naphthalene 24 10-100 B Naphthalene sulfonic acid + H2SO. 88 B Nickel ammonium sulfate 24-100 10 B Nickel nitrate 24-100 B Nickel sulfate 24-100 10-30 B Nitric acid (see Table 5) Nitrobenzene 24-52 B Nitrocellulose 24 A Nitrochlorobenzene 24 D Nitroglycerine 24 C Nitrophenol 24 D Nitrosyl chloride 24 B Nitrosylsulfuric acid 24-79 B Nitrotoluene 24 B Nitrous acid 24 D Oleic acid 24 D Oxalic acid 24 20-100 D Oxalic acid + 1.5-3% H2SO. 52 20-50 A Pentachloroethane 79 B Perchloroethylene 24 100 B Persulfuric acid 100 C Phenol 24 90 B Phenolsulfonic acid 24-100 30 B Phenyl isocyanate 24 B Phosgene 24-100 B Phosphoric acid 24-93 B Phosphorous acid 27 33 A Phosphorous chloride 24-149 B Phosphorous oxychloride 24 B Phosphorous pentachloride 24 A

Table 59 Continued

Temp. Concentration Corrosion Chemical eC) (%) class Saccharin solutions 24-100 B Salicylic acid 24-100 B Selenious acid + H2SO. + HNOJ 93 A Silver nitrate 24 10-60 D Sodium acetate 25 4 B Sodium acid fluoride 24 10 B Sodium aluminate 24 10 D Sodium bicarbonate 24 10 B Sodium bifluoride 24 B Sodium bisulfate 24-100 10-30 B Sodium bisulfite 24-100 10 B Sodium carbonate 24 10 B Sodium carbonate 52 20 D Sodium chloride 25 0.5-24 A Sodium chlorite 24 10 B Sodium chromate 24-100 10 B Sodium cyanide 24 10 B Sodium hydrogen fluoride 71 8 B Sodium hydrosulfite 24 10-20 A Sodium hydroxide 26 0-30 B Sodium hypochlorite 24 I C Sodium hyposulfite 24 10 B Sodium nitrate 24 10 D Sodium nitrite 24-100 10-60 B Sodium perborate 24 10 D Sodium percarbonate 24 D Sodium peroxide 24 10 D Sodium persulfate 24 10 B Sodium phosphate 24-100 10-100 B Sodium phosphate (tri-basic) 24 10-20 D Sodium silicate 24 B Sodium sulfate 24 2-20 A Sodium sulfide 24-100 10-30 A Sodium sulfite 24-100 10-30 B Sodium tartarate 24 D Stannic chloride 24 20 D Stannic tetrachloride (dry) 24 100 B Stannous bisulfate 24-100 10 B Stannous chloride 24 10-50 D Succinic acid 24-100 10-50 B Sulfamic acid 22 3-20 B Sulfur dioxide 24-204 90 B

Table 59 Continued

60 24 21 24 24 24

24-149 24 63

24-100 24

24-100 24 27 24 60 27 24 24 24 21 24 35 79

Concentration (%) 90

20-100 30-70 10-100

10-30

30-36

Table 60 Corrosion of Lead in Various Natural Outdoor Atmospheres [61]. (Courtesy of Lead Industries Association. New York.)

Corrosion

Type of Duration Rate

Location atmosphere Material (years) rndd" rnpyb

Altoona. Pennsylvania Industrial Chern Pb 10 0.23 0.029 Industrial 1% Sb-Pb 10 0.18 0.023

New York Industrial Chern Pb 20 0.12 0.015 Industrial 1% Sb-Pb 20 0.10 0.013

Sandy Hook. New Seacoast Chern Pb 20 0.17 0.021 Jersey Seacoast 1% Sb-Pb 20 0.16 0.020

Key West. Florida Seacoast Chern Pb 10 0.18 0.023 Seacoast 1% Sb-Pb 10 0.17 0.022

La Jolla. California Seacoast Chern Pb 20 0.16 0.021 Seacoast 1% Sb-Pb 20 0.18 0.023

State College. Rural Chern Pb 20 0.10 0.013 Pennsylvania Rural 1% Sb-Pb 20 0.11 0.014

Phoenix. Arizona Semiarid Chern Pb 20 0.03 0.004 Semiarid 1% Sb-Pb 20 0.09 0.012

Kure Beach. North East coast. marine Chern Pb 2 0.41 0.052 Carolina. 80 ft. side East coast. marine 6% Sb-Pb 2 0.32 0.041

Newark. New Jersey Industrial Chern Pb 2 0.46 0.058 Industrial 6% Sb-Pb 2 0.33 0.042

Point Reyes. West coast. marine Chern Pb 2 0.28 0.036 California West coast. marine 6% Sb-Pb 2 0.20 0.026

State College, Rural Chern Pb 2 0.43 0.055 Pennsylvania Rural 6% Sb-Pb 2 0.31 0.039

Birmingham. England Urban 99.96% Pb 7 0.29 0.037 Urban 1.6% Sb-Pb 7 0.03 0.004

Wakefield. England Industrial 99.995% Pb 1 0.58 0.074 Southport. England Marine 99.995% Pb 1 0.55 0.070 Bourneville. England Suburban 99.995% Pb 1 0.61 0.077 Cardington. England Rural 99.995% Pb 1 0.44 0.056 Cristobal. CZ Tropical. marine Chern Pb 8 0.42 0.053 Miraftores. CZ Tropical. marine Chern Pb 8 0.24 0.030

Distilled water free of oxygen and carbon dioxide does not attack lead. Pure water containing carbon dioxide but not oxygen also has little effect on lead. However, when lead comes into contact with pure water through which air free of carbon dioxide is being bubbled, it quickly oxidizes to form a film of white lead hydroxide. This film is nonadherent and allows the attack on the lead to continue. Because the lead hydroxide is low in solubility, it settles out. This is one case in which even though the corrosion product is insoluble, its nonadherent characteristic fails to prevent lead corrosion. A yellow crystalline lead oxide forms on the lead surface at or near the waterline.