ABSTRACT
Some of this article appeared in Chemical Engineering, pp. 156-162, November 15, 1971, copyright © 1971 by McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, New York 10020, and is reprinted by special permission.
There are two basic methods of heating liquids with steam-the indirect and the direct. The indirect method uses heat exchangers, such as shell-and-tube or plate-type designs. The direct method injects steam directly into the liquid or mass to be heated.
