ABSTRACT

This chapter considers the application of the finite element method to simulate the behaviour of embedded retaining walls. The generation of earth pressures, both active and passive, are considered first. In particular the effects of various types of wall movement on both the distribution and magnitude of earth pressure are discussed. Embedded cantilever walls and walls with a prop near to the top of the wall are then considered. Results from finite element analysis are compared with simpler limit equilibrium design approaches and the shortcomings of the latter established. The effects of initial stress conditions within the soil, the stiffness of the wall and the method of construction (excavated or backfilled) are discussed. It is shown that for diaphragm or secant pile walls installed in overconsolidated clays typical design approaches may not be conservative. The chapter ends by describing the application of the finite element approach to complex embedded retaining walls for which simple design methods are not available.