ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces several models and modeling frameworks that can help guide designers and researchers in their efforts to develop better warnings. These approaches also provide insight into issues such as the effectiveness of warnings and the ways that warnings can act as a useful supplement to other intervention strategies such as product design, task design, and user selection, education, training, or supervision. The models and frameworks considered in this chapter place a heavy emphasis on communication, human information processing, and decision making. These perspectives describe important elements of the warning process. They also provide guidance as to where, when, and why warnings are likely to be effective or ineffective.
