ABSTRACT
DEFORMATION AND FAILURE BEHAVIOR OF PAPER CURT A. BRONKHORST and KEITH A. BENNETT Weyerhaeuser Company Federal Way, Washington
I. Introduction 314
II. Definitions and Concepts 314
III. Paper as a Material 320 A. Tensile Strength 326 B. Zero-Span Tensile Strength 333 C. Through-the-Thickness Tensile Strength (Z-Direction
Tensile Strength) 341 D. Edgewise Compression Tests 345 E. Transverse Compression Tests (Z-Direction Compression) 356 F. In-Plane Shear 362 G. Interlaminar Shear 367 H. Biaxial Stress Test 372 I. Bursting Strength 379 J. Tear Strength 388
K. Transverse Compression of Combined Board 395 L. Short-Column Crush Test 401
M. Top-Load Compression of Corrugated Containers 406 N. Top-Load Compression Creep of Corrugated Containers 409
Notation 417
References 419
I. INTRODUCTION
The focus of this chapter is the deformation response of paper to imposed mechan ical loading up to the point of ultimate failure. Ultimate failure is implicitly defined here as the point of loading at which the material can no longer offer significant resistance to further deformation or at which a peak functional applied load has been reached. As is the case for most materials, ultimate failure is a sequence of failure events beginning at a small size scale. These events then either escalate in magnitude or coalesce to the largest size scale of the material being tested. Failure events that occur before ultimate failure are sometimes termed damage. Generally, then, ultimate failure is not a singular event but rather the final result of an accu mulation of smaller scale deformation and failure events occurring during the mechanical deformation of the material. This chapter acknowledges this fact and attempts to describe the material behavior leading up to ultimate failure of paper for some primary as well as practical modes of loading.
