ABSTRACT
At least three elements influence the performance of an operator who must make a system achieve a desired goal: (1) the dynamics of the system itself, (2) the nature of the possible inputs, and (3) the means whereby the operator views the information concerning the desired and actual state of the system (e.g., Poulton, 1974; Wickens, 1984, 1987). In conventional airplanes manual control involves the coordination of “inner loop” controls. In this task the pilot is responsible for continuous manipulation of the controls to compensate for disturbances. Primary displays (Figure 1) provide the several essential flight parameters which the pilot is required to monitor, interpret, transform, and integrate.
