ABSTRACT
The economics of apple production R. Karina Gallardo, Washington State University, USA; and Hildegard Garming, Thünen Institute of Farm Economics, Germany
1 Introduction
2 Cost analysis of apple production
3 Apple production costs around the world
4 Outlook and challenges for the global apple industry
5 Conclusion
6 Where to look for further information
7 References
Typically there are three dimensions of sustainability identified: environmental, social and economic (United Nations Environmental Program, 2015; Goodland and Daly, 1993). These three dimensions of sustainability must be integrated in a ‘coherent, holistic, comprehensive and balanced’ manner to accomplish the ultimate goal of enhancing human and planet welfare (United Nations Environmental Program, 2015). These three aspects are intrinsically interlinked and overlapped when dealing with the agricultural industry, in particular specialty crops (e.g. fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, dried fruits, horticultural and nursery crops).
