ABSTRACT
Among agricultural production systems, livestock production has been considered to have serious environmental impacts, including extensive resource use, nutrient leaching and especially a significant contribution to global warming in the form of emission of greenhouse gases (Steinfeld et al. 2006). These emissions are difficult to handle and arise from various sources. For example, ruminant production produces high amounts of methane (from enteric fermentation) and requires large areas of grazing land, and therefore, some parts of the world are associated with land use changes (LUC), such as deforestation, which in turn contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. Opio et al. 2013).
