ABSTRACT

The first of many important works featured in CRC Press’ Metals and Alloys Encyclopedia Collection, the Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys covers all the fundamental, theoretical, and application-related aspects of the metallurgical science, engineering, and technology of iron, steel, and their alloys. This Five-Volume Set addresses topics such as extractive metallurgy, powder metallurgy and processing, physical metallurgy, production engineering, corrosion engineering, thermal processing, metalworking, welding, iron- and steelmaking, heat treating, rolling, casting, hot and cold forming, surface finishing and coating, crystallography, metallography, computational metallurgy, metal-matrix composites, intermetallics, nano- and micro-structured metals and alloys, nano- and micro-alloying effects, special steels, and mining.

A valuable reference for materials scientists and engineers, chemists, manufacturers, miners, researchers, and students, this must-have encyclopedia:

  • Provides extensive coverage of properties and recommended practices
  • Includes a wealth of helpful charts, nomograms, and figures
  • Contains cross referencing for quick and easy search

Each entry is written by a subject-matter expert and reviewed by an international panel of renowned researchers from academia, government, and industry.

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chapter |15 pages

Activities, Potentials, and Partial Pressures

ByKarl-Michael Winter

chapter |45 pages

Advanced Compaction Methods of PM Steels

ByRadu Liviu Orban

chapter |30 pages

Advanced High-Strength Steels: Bake Hardening

ByMehdi Asadi, Mohamed Soliman, Heinz Palkowski

chapter |24 pages

Advanced High-Strength Steels: Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD)

ByRoumen H. Petrov, Leo A.I. Kestens

chapter |30 pages

Advanced High-Strength Steels: Microstructure and Texture Evolution

ByRoumen H. Petrov, Jurij Sidor, Leo A.I. Kestens

chapter |7 pages

Advanced Ultra-High Strength Steel (A-UHSS): Boron-Containing

ByI. Mejía, J.M. Cabrera

chapter |22 pages

Agglomeration

ByRam Pravesh Bhagat

chapter |18 pages

Aging: Dynamic Strain, Neutron Irradiation Effect on

ByC. Gupta, K.L. Murty

chapter |12 pages

Aging: Static Strain

BySiamak Serajzadeh

chapter |19 pages

Alloyed Steels: Mechanically

ByC. Suryanarayana, Ahmed Al-Joubori

chapter |18 pages

Annealing

ByAlexey Sverdlin

chapter |21 pages

Austempered Ductile Cast Iron

ByMenachem Bamberger

chapter |14 pages

Austempered Ductile Cast Iron: Bainitic Transformation in

ByM. Nili-Ahmadabadi, H. Shirazi

chapter |12 pages

Austenitic Alloys: Non-Metallic Inclusions

ByAdam Grajcar

chapter |11 pages

Austenitic Stainless Steel: Microstructural Evolution

ByAndrey Belyakov, Zhanna Yanushkevich, Iaroslava Shakhova, Rustam Kaibyshev

chapter |11 pages

Austenitic Steels: Dynamic Strain Aging

BySoon-Bok Lee, Seong-Gu Hong

chapter |20 pages

Bainitic Steel: Nanostructured

ByCarlos Garcia-Mateo, Thomas Sourmail, Francisca G. Caballero

chapter |15 pages

Bainitic Steel: Transformation Mechanisms and Properties

ByFrancisca G. Caballero

chapter |14 pages

Bainitic Steels: Tempering

ByCarlos Garcia-Mateo, Francisca G. Caballero

chapter |14 pages

Bake Hardening

BySourav Das, Shiv Brat Singh, Omkar Nath Mohanty

chapter |11 pages

Banding: Microsegregation-Induced

ByJohn Verhoeven

chapter |15 pages

Boride Layers: Growth Kinetics and Mechanical Characterization

ByI. Campos-Silva, R. Tadeo-Rosas, H.D. Santos-Medina, C. López-García

chapter |12 pages

Boroaluminized Carbon Steel

ByIgor Sizov, Undrakh Mishigdorzhiyn, Ivan Polyansky

chapter |18 pages

Boron-Added Low Carbon Unalloyed Steel

ByAnjana Deva, Bimal Jha

chapter |25 pages

Boronizing of Iron-Based Alloys

ByD.N. Tsipas, S.A. Tsipas

chapter |20 pages

Bulk Forming: Design

ByChester J. Van Tyne

chapter |20 pages

Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction

ByStuart Licht

chapter |17 pages

Carbon—Iron Alloys: Hardening and Hardenability

ByAlexey Sverdlin

chapter |6 pages

Carbonitriding: Plasma

ByPedro A.P. Nascente, Romulo Ribeiro Magalhães de Sousa, Leonardo C. Gontijo

chapter |14 pages

Carburized Steel: Quenching Effects, Jominy Test Results

ByMihai Ovidiu Cojocaru, Niculae Popescu, Leontin Drugă

chapter |11 pages

Carburizing and Heat Treatment: Ancient Development

ByCarlo Mapelli, Andrea Gruttadauria, Silvia Barella

chapter |17 pages

Carburizing Process: Effects on Sintering Process

ByJordan Georgiev, Lubomir Anestiev, Marcela Selecká

chapter |16 pages

Carburizing: Deep, Case Structure and Process Technology

ByPiotr Kula, Emilia Wołowiec, Konrad Dybowski, Robert Pietrasik, Radomir Atraszkiewicz, Sylwester Pawęta

chapter |12 pages

Carburizing: Laser Beam

ByGregory Haidemenopoulos, Antonis Katsamas

chapter |9 pages

Carburizing: Pack

ByG.S. Gupta, S.S. Hosmani, Sabita Sarkar

chapter |12 pages

Case Depth: Ultrasonic Measurement

ByFarhang Honarvar, Reza Bagheri Borouji

chapter |26 pages

Cast Iron and Steels: Metallography

ByGeorge F. Vander Voort

chapter |28 pages

Cast Iron Design: Processes, Alloys and Properties

ByMagnus Wessen, Ingvar Svensson

chapter |17 pages

Cast Iron: Compacted Graphite

ByMarcin Górny

chapter |16 pages

Cast Iron: Produced from Steel Scrap

ByKrzysztof Janerka, Jan Jezierski, Jan Szajnar, Dariusz Bartocha

chapter |26 pages

Chromizing

ByLuiz Castelleti, Amadeu Neto Lombardi, George E. Totten

chapter |39 pages

Continuous Casting Processes

ByRoderick I.L. Guthrie, Mihaiela Isac

chapter |16 pages

Controlled Atmospheres and Metallic Surfaces: Interaction during Heating

ByLeontin Drugă, Mihai Ovidiu Cojocaru

chapter |10 pages

Cooling: Accelerated

BySatyam S. Sahay, Goutam Mohapatra

chapter |21 pages

Cooling: Curve Analysis

ByBernardo Hernández-Morales

chapter |12 pages

Copper-Rich Nanoclusters: Ferritic Steels Strengthened

ByC.T. Liu, Z.B. Jiao, J.H. Luan

chapter |16 pages

Corrosion-Resistant Alloys: Case Hardening

ByArthur Heuer, Frank Ernst, Sunniva Collins, Paul Natishan, Harold Kahn

chapter |14 pages

Corrosion: Coatings to Prevent

ByAlexandre Ferreira Galio, Luciano Vieceli Taveira, Sabrina Neves da Silva

chapter |19 pages

Corrosion: Rust Protection

ByHiroki Tamura

chapter |15 pages

Corrosion: Structural Characterization of Products

ByYoshio Waseda, Shigeru Suzuki

chapter |21 pages

Cryogenic Treatment

ByDebdulal Das, Kalyan Kumar Ray

chapter |13 pages

Cryogenic Treatment: Shallow and Deep

ByD. Senthilkumar

chapter |21 pages

Current Nitriding

ByDavid Pye

chapter |41 pages

Cutting Tool Applications: Tribology and Design of Surface-Engineered Materials

ByGerman Fox-Rabinovich, George C. Weatherly, Anatoli Kovalev

chapter |12 pages

Delta Ferrite: Cracking of Steel Fasteners

ByRobson Bussoloti, George E. Totten, Luigi L.M. Albano, Lauralice C.F. Canale

chapter |27 pages

Direct Reduced Iron: Production

BySujay Kumar Dutta, Rameshwar Sah

chapter |17 pages

Direct-Quenched Structural Steels

ByJukka Kömi, Pentti Karjalainen, David Porter

chapter |6 pages

Ductile Irons: Ferritic—Pearlitic

ByFrancesco Iacoviello, Vittorio Di Cocco

chapter |18 pages

Ductile Irons: Friction Welding

ByRadosław Winiczenko, Mieczysław Kaczorowski

chapter |11 pages

Duplex Stainless Steels

ByKin Ho Lo, Chi Tat Kwok, Weng Kin Chan, Hong Cheng Kuan, Kin Kei Lai, Kai Yuan Wang

chapter |18 pages

Electroless Nickel-Boron Coatings

ByFabienne Delaunois, Véronique Vitry

chapter |60 pages

Fastening Systems: Designing

ByChristoph Friedrich

chapter |10 pages

Ferritic—Martensitic Steels: Cyclic-Softening Behavior

ByIris Alvarez-Armas, María Natalia Batista, Alberto F. Armas

chapter |40 pages

Flotation of Iron Ore

ByJosé Aurélio Medeiros da Luz

chapter |13 pages

Forging Tribology

ByNiels Bay, Tamotsu Nakamura

chapter |14 pages

Galvanized Coatings: Defects

ByD.D.N. Singh

chapter |12 pages

Gas and Plasma Nitriding versus Nitrocarburizing Processes

ByClodomiro Alves, Francisco Odolberto de Araújo, Rômulo Ribeiro Magalhães de Sousa

chapter |22 pages

Gas Quenching: High-Pressure Process and Equipment Design

ByGabriela Belinato, Lauralice C.F. Canale, George E. Totten

chapter |18 pages

Grain Boundaries in Iron

ByPavel Lejček, Václav Paidar

chapter |40 pages

Hardenability

ByBožidar Liščić

chapter |3 pages

Hardenability: Blanter Nomogram

ByM.S. Blanter

chapter |8 pages

Hardening: Flame

ByBarbara Rivolta, Mark M. Sirrine

chapter |24 pages

Hardening: Practical Aspects

ByLauralice C.F. Canale, Lemmy Meekisho, George E. Totten

chapter |9 pages

Hardfacing

ByAna Sofia Climaco Monteiro D’Oliveira

chapter |33 pages

Heat Treatment: Fundamentals

ByAlexey Sverdlin

chapter |19 pages

Heat Treatment: Post-Weld

ByI.S. El-Mahallawi, M. Abd El-Rahman Abd El-Salam, M.A. Elsaady, N.A. Abdel Raheem, M.R. El-Koussy

chapter |5 pages

Heat Treatment: Regenerative

ByGrzegorz Golański

chapter |23 pages

Heat Treatment: Special Steels

ByAlexey Sverdlin

chapter |85 pages

Heat Treatment: Steel

ByLiščić Božidar

chapter |28 pages

Heat-Treated Components: Distortion

ByGeorge E. Totten, Michiharu Narazaki

chapter |7 pages

High-Carbon Steel Wire: Patenting in Lead Bath

ByXinmin Luo, George E. Totten

chapter |4 pages

High-Melting-Point Materials: Semi-Solid Processing

ByPlaton Kapranos

chapter |47 pages

High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels: Designing with

ByLin Li, Luoping Xu

chapter |9 pages

High-Temperature Oxidation

ByN.F. Garza-Montes-de-Oca

chapter |13 pages

History: Discovery and Production of Iron and Steel

ByJohn Verhoeven

chapter |26 pages

Hot-Rolled Steels: Microstructural Evolution Prediction

ByMasayoshi Suehiro

chapter |17 pages

Hydrogen Embrittlement: Mechanisms

ByAkihide Nagao, Mohsen Dadfarnia, Petros Sofronis, Ian Robertson

chapter |16 pages

Hydrogen Embrittlement: Theories

ByMichihiko Nagumo

chapter |6 pages

Hypoeutectoid Steels: Critical Points

ByBogdan Pawlowski

chapter |28 pages

Induction Hardening

ByValery Rudnev

chapter |19 pages

Internal Friction

ByMichail Blanter, I.S. Golovin

chapter |20 pages

Investment Casting

ByD. Benny Karunakar

chapter |7 pages

Iron Ore Direct Reduction: Simulation of

ByAndré Carlos Silva, Américo Tristão Bernardes

chapter |15 pages

Large Steel Ingots: Microstructure Mathematical Modeling

ByWaldemar Wołczyński

chapter |68 pages

Laser Transformation Hardening and Remelting

ByJanez Grum

chapter |5 pages

Low Carbon Steel: Welding Effects on Microstructure and Properties

ByZakaria Boumerzoug, Khaled Khelil

chapter |33 pages

Machining Design

ByI.S. Jawahir

chapter |13 pages

Machining: Die and Tool Steel

ByHamed Hoseiny

chapter |11 pages

Magnetic Fields: Effect on Heat Treatment and Properties of Steel

ByIzabel Fernanda Machado

chapter |16 pages

Manganese: High Content in Steels

ByI. Gutierrez-Urrutia

chapter |14 pages

Maraging Steels

ByNageswara Rao Muktinutalapati

chapter |9 pages

Martensite Start Temperature of Steel: Effect of the Alloying Elements

ByC. Capdevila, C. Garcia-Mateo, D. San Martín, F.G. Caballero, C. García de Andrés

chapter |13 pages

Martensite—Ferrite Microalloyed Steels

ByN. Anand, R. Madhavan, K. Mahesh, S. Suwas, S. Sankaran

chapter |16 pages

Martensitic Stainless Steel: Direct Current Low-Temperature Plasma Carburizing

BySilvio Francisco Brunatto, Rodrigo Perito Cardoso, Cristiano José Scheuer

chapter |13 pages

Martensitic Steels: Epsilon Carbides in Tempered

ByStéphane A.J. Forsik, Pedro E.J. Rivera-Diaz-del-Castillo

chapter |6 pages

Martensitic Structure

ByGeorge Krauss

chapter |46 pages

Mechanical Behavior: Modeling and Simulation

ByEssam El-Magd

chapter |16 pages

Metallography of Powder Metallurgy Ferrous Metals

ByGeorge F. Vander Voort

chapter |17 pages

Metallurgical Coke

ByMaría A. Diez

chapter |23 pages

Microwave Plasma Carburizing

ByIsabelle Jauberteau, Jean Louis Jauberteau

chapter |10 pages

Mild Steel Plates: Aluminizing

ByUdaya Bhat K.

chapter |17 pages

Molten Salt Baths: Electrochemical Boriding

ByGuldem Kartal Sireli

chapter |16 pages

Nanofluids: Alternate Coolants

ByK. Narayan Prabhu

chapter |40 pages

Nitrided and Nitrocarburized Materials: Design

ByMichel J. Korwin, Christopher D. Morawski, George J. Tymowski, Witold K. Liliental

chapter |8 pages

Nitriding: Gas

ByEwa Kasprzycka, Jan Tacikowski

chapter |17 pages

Nitriding: Interstitial Free Steel

ByDong Nyung Lee

chapter |10 pages

Nitriding: Lehrer Diagrams

ByRick Sisson, Mei Yang

chapter |55 pages

Nomenclature: Steel

ByAnil Kumar Sinha, Chengjian Wu, Guoquan Liu

chapter |24 pages

Pack Carburizing: Characteristics, Microstructure, and Modeling

BySeyed Reza Elmi Hosseini, Zhuguo Li

chapter |12 pages

Pack Cyaniding: Cassava Leaves

ByKunle Akinluwade, Adelana Adetunji, Olusegun Adewoye

chapter |7 pages

Pearlitic Steels: Wire Drawing

BySatyam S. Sahay, B.P. Gautham

chapter |8 pages

Peening: Laser

ByLloyd A. Hackel

chapter |16 pages

Pickling: Electrochemical

ByMichael Vynnycky

chapter |15 pages

Pipeline Steel Corrosion

ByA.S. Khanna

chapter |13 pages

Pipeline Steels: Hydrogen Diffusion and Environmentally-Assisted Cracking

ByMarina Cabrini, Sergio Lorenzi

chapter |12 pages

Plasma Electrolytic Surface Carburizing of Pure Iron

ByMetin Usta, Fatih Çavuşlu

chapter |8 pages

Plasma Nitrided Steel: Corrosion Resistance by Plasma Post-Oxidation

ByJ.C. Díaz-Guillén, E.E. Granda-Gutiérrez, A. Garza, J. Acevedo, J.C. Díaz-Guillén, J.A. Díaz-Guillén

chapter |11 pages

Plasma Nitriding: Workpiece Emittance Effect on Heating in

ByEdward Roliński, Jeffrey J. Machcinski

chapter |15 pages

Powder Injection Molding: Sinter-Hardening

ByLeszek A. Dobrzański, G. Matula

chapter |17 pages

Powder Metallurgy Alloys: Designing with

ByJoseph W. Newkirk, Ronald A. Kohser

chapter |34 pages

Powder Metallurgy Steel Components: Heat Treatment

ByJoseph W. Newkirk, Sanjay N. Thakur

chapter |16 pages

Precipitate Formation in Iron Alloys: Transmission Electron Microscopy

ByN.G. Chechenin, J.Th.M. De Hosson

chapter |10 pages

Quench Factor Analysis

ByRosa L. Simencio Otero, Walker Otero, George E. Totten, Lauralice C.F. Canale

chapter |23 pages

Quench Processing: Multiple

ByB. Smoljan

chapter |38 pages

Quench System Design: Induction Hardening

ByRosa L. Simencio Otero, Luigi L.M. Albano, George E. Totten, Lemmy Meekisho, Lauralice C.F. Canale

chapter |17 pages

Quenchants: Polymer

ByK. Narayan Prabhu

chapter |18 pages

Quenching and Partitioning Steel

ByDavid V. Edmonds, Emmanuel de Moor, David K. Matlock, John G. Speer

chapter |10 pages

Quenching: Brine and Caustic

ByDiego Lozano

chapter |17 pages

Quenching: Gas

ByVolker Heuer

chapter |35 pages

Quenching: Intensive Steel

ByNikolai I. Kobasko

chapter |6 pages

Quenching: Interrupted

BySatyam S. Sahay

chapter |48 pages

Quenching: Simulation

ByCaner Şimşir, C. Hakan Gür

chapter |15 pages

Quenching: Techniques

ByHoward E. Boyer, Pierre Archambault, F. Moreaux

chapter |19 pages

Residual Stresses

ByBerthold Scholtes

chapter |41 pages

Residual Stresses: Quenching, After

ByV. Schulze, O. Vöhringer

chapter |12 pages

Residual Stresses: Welding-Induced

BySara Y. Kenno, Sreekanta Das

chapter |11 pages

Retained Austenite: Stability in a Nanostructured Bainitic Steel

ByLucia Morales-Rivas, Francisca G. Caballero, Carlos Garcia-Mateo

chapter |16 pages

Retained Austenite: Transformation-Induced Plasticity

ByElena Pereloma, Azdiar Gazder, Ilana Timokhina

chapter |13 pages

Rolling: Skin-Pass

ByHideo Kijima, Niels Bay

chapter |13 pages

Schaeffler Diagrams

ByMarco Boniardi, Andrea Casaroli, Barbara Rivolta

chapter |21 pages

Sheet Metal Forming: Design

ByT. Wanheim

chapter |10 pages

Shropshire Iron Industry

ByRichard Hayman

chapter |21 pages

Sinter-Hardening

ByGianfilippo Bocchini

chapter |14 pages

Sintering and Surface Texturing: Direct Current-Coupled Plasma-Assisted Parts Manufacturing

BySilvio Francisco Brunatto, Rodrigo Perito Cardoso, Aloísio Nelmo Klein, Joel Louis Rene Muzart

chapter |29 pages

Smelting Reduction Processes

BySujay Kumar Dutta, Rameshwar Sah

chapter |18 pages

Spheroidal Graphite Iron

ByBenjamin Iyalekhuosa Imasogie

chapter |28 pages

Stainless Steel: Heat Treatment

ByAngelo Fernando Padilha, Ronald Lesley Plaut, Paulo Rangel Rios

chapter |11 pages

Stainless Steel: Low-Temperature Nitriding Kinetics

ByRodrigo Perito Cardoso, Cristiano José Scheuer, Silvio Fransisco Brunatto

chapter |13 pages

Steel Casting Tomography: Contactless Inductive Flow and Mutual Inductance

ByThomas Wondrak, Anthony Peyton

chapter |13 pages

Steel Rolling: Chatter

ByVladimir Panjkovic

chapter |21 pages

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)

ByK. Sridhar, U.K. Chatterjee, I. Chattoraj, V.S. Raja

chapter |22 pages

Structural Steels

ByCarlos García de Andrés, Carlos Capdevila, David San Martín

chapter |10 pages

Superstrengthening

ByNikolai I. Kobasko

chapter |82 pages

Surface Hardening: Laser

ByJanez Grum

chapter |23 pages

Surface Hardening: Low-Temperature

ByFederico A.P. Fernandes, Thomas L. Christiansen, Marcel A.J. Somers

chapter |9 pages

Surface Modification Processes: Cavitation Erosion Resistance

ByAna Sofia Climaco Monteiro D’Oliveira, Juliane Ribeiro da Cruz

chapter |17 pages

Surface Roughness: Effect of Nitriding

ByEdward Roliński

chapter |9 pages

Tempering Parameter Development

ByLauralice C.F. Canale, Luigi L.M. Albano, Lemmy Meekisho, George E. Totten, Kristina Rodgers

chapter |34 pages

Testing Methods: Mechanical Properties

ByD. Scott MacKenzie

chapter |11 pages

Thermal and Nuclear Power Plants: Steels in Water Coolants

ByAnatoly A. Efimov, Leonid N. Moskvin, Oleg Yu. Pykhteev

chapter |12 pages

Thixoforming

ByPlaton Kapranos

chapter |28 pages

Tool Steels

ByElhachmi Essadiqi

chapter |13 pages

Tool Steels: Cryogenic Treatment

ByPetra Salabova Priknerová, Peter Jurči, Jana Sobotová, Otakar Prikner

chapter |33 pages

Tool Steels: Fracture Toughness

ByVojteh Leskovšek, Bojan Podgornik

chapter |11 pages

Tool Steels: Physical Metallurgy

ByV.G. Gavrilchuk, A.I. Tyshchenko, V.A. Sirosh

chapter |19 pages

Ultrafine-Grained Steels

ByS.V.S. Narayana Murty, Shiro Torizuka

chapter |22 pages

Vacuum Heat Processing

ByBernd Edenhofer, Jan W. Bouwman, Daniel H. Herring

chapter |14 pages

Welding: Metallography

ByGeorge F. Vander Voort

chapter |27 pages

Welding: Residual Stresses

ByMajid Farajian, Dieter Siegele

chapter |15 pages

Wetting Kinematics

ByHans M. Tensi