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      Book

      Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics
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      Book

      Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics

      DOI link for Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics

      Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics book

      Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics

      DOI link for Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics

      Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics book

      Edited ByPaul Murdin
      Edition 1st Edition
      First Published 2000
      eBook Published 1 January 2001
      Pub. Location Boca Raton
      Imprint CRC Press
      Pages 5610
      eBook ISBN 9781003220435
      Subjects Physical Sciences
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      Get Citation

      (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of Astronomy & Astrophysics (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003220435

      ABSTRACT

      In a unique collaboration, Nature Publishing Group and Institute of Physics Publishing have published the most extensive and comprehensive reference work in astronomy and astrophysics. This unique resource covers the entire field of astronomy and astrophysics and this online version includes the full text of over 2,750 articles, plus sophisticated search and retrieval functionality and links to the primary literature.

      The Encyclopaedia's authority is assured by editorial and advisory boards drawn from the world's foremost astronomers and astrophysicists. This first class resource is an essential source of information for undergraduates, graduate students, researchers and seasoned professionals, as well as for committed amateurs, librarians and lay people wishing to consult the definitive astronomy and astrophysics reference work.

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      chapter |1 pages

      61 Cygni

      chapter |1 pages

      Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Abbe, Ernst (1840–1905)

      chapter |1 pages

      Abbott, Francis (1799–1883)

      chapter |3 pages

      Abell Clusters

      ByPeter Katgert

      chapter |1 pages

      Aberration

      chapter |1 pages

      Abetti, Antonio (1846–1928) and Abetti, Giorgio (1882–1982)

      chapter |1 pages

      Absolute Zero

      chapter |1 pages

      Absorption Spectrum

      chapter |1 pages

      Abul Wafa Mohammad al-Buzjani (940–97)

      chapter |1 pages

      Acceleration

      chapter |1 pages

      Accretion

      chapter |8 pages

      Accretion Disks

      ByH Spruit

      chapter |1 pages

      Ace (Advanced Composition Explorer)

      chapter |1 pages

      Achernar

      chapter |1 pages

      Achilles

      chapter |1 pages

      Achondrite

      chapter |2 pages

      Acousto-Optic Spectrographs

      ByTrevor Cole

      chapter |4 pages

      Active Galactic Nuclei: Variability

      ByMarie-Helene Ulrich

      chapter |1 pages

      Active Galactic Nucleus

      chapter |7 pages

      Active Galaxies: Observations

      ByBelinda J Wilkes, Bradley M Peterson

      chapter |2 pages

      Active Galaxies: Observing their Variability by Amateurs

      ByNick Hewitt

      chapter |5 pages

      Active Galaxies: Overview

      ByMatthew Malkan

      chapter |5 pages

      Active Galaxies: Unified Model

      ByBradley M Peterson, Belinda J Wilkes

      chapter |1 pages

      Active Galaxy

      chapter |1 pages

      Active Optics

      chapter |1 pages

      Active Region

      chapter |1 pages

      Adams, John Couch (1819–92)

      chapter |1 pages

      Adams, Walter Sydney (1876–1956)

      chapter |1 pages

      Adaptive Optics

      chapter |1 pages

      Adelard of Bath (1075–1160)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius (1724–1802)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aerolite

      chapter |1 pages

      Aglaonike (c. 200 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Air Force Maui Optical Station

      chapter |5 pages

      Airglow

      ByEric Chassefiére

      chapter |1 pages

      Airy Disk

      chapter |1 pages

      Airy, Sir George Biddell (1801–92)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aitken, Robert Grant (1864–1951)

      chapter |1 pages

      Akebono (EXOS-D)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Battani, Abu Abdullah [known as Albategnius] (c. 868–c. 929)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Biruni, Abu Raihan (973–1048)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Farghani, Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathir (c. 860)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Khwarizmi [al-Khawarizmi; al'Khwarizmi], Abu Abd-Allah [Abdullah; Ja'far] Mohammad [Muhammad] ibn Musa [Bin Musa] (c. 800–c. 850)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Quhi, Abu Sahl Wayjan ibn Rustam (c. 940–c. 1000)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Sufi, Abu al-Rahman (903–86)

      chapter |1 pages

      al-Zarqali [known as Azarchiel, Azaquiel, Azachel or As Sarkali] (around 1080)

      chapter |1 pages

      Albedo

      chapter |1 pages

      Albireo

      chapter |1 pages

      Albumazar [Abu Mashar al-Balkhi; Abu-Mashar; Abu Maschar] (787–885)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aldebaran

      chapter |1 pages

      Aldrin, Edwin Eugene, Jr [`Buzz'] (1930–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Alexis (Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors)

      chapter |1 pages

      Alfonso X [Alfonso X of Castile; Alfonso the Astronomer; Alfonso the Wise] (1221–84)

      chapter |1 pages

      Alfvén, Hannes Olof Gösta (1908–95)

      chapter |1 pages

      Algol

      ByDirk Terrell

      chapter |1 pages

      Algonquin Radio Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Allegheny Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Allen, Clabon [`Clay'] Walter (1904–87)

      chapter |1 pages

      Allen, David (1946–94)

      chapter |1 pages

      Allende Meteorite

      chapter |1 pages

      Almanac

      chapter |1 pages

      Alpha Centauri

      chapter |1 pages

      Alpha Centauri A+B

      ByRobert Mohr

      chapter |1 pages

      Alpha Particle

      chapter |1 pages

      Alpher, Ralph Asher (1921–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Altair

      chapter |1 pages

      Altazimuth Mounting

      chapter |1 pages

      Altitude

      chapter |1 pages

      Alvarez, Luis Walter (1911–88)

      chapter |3 pages

      AM Herculis

      ByGary Schmidt

      chapter |2 pages

      Amateur Astronomical Societies

      ByPatrick Moore

      chapter |2 pages

      Amateur Spectroscopy

      ByMaurice Gavin

      chapter |3 pages

      Amateur–Professional Collaboration in Astronomy

      ByPatrick Moore

      chapter |1 pages

      Ambartsumian [Ambarzumjan], Viktor Amazaspovich (1908–96)

      chapter |1 pages

      American Association of Variable Star Observers

      chapter |1 pages

      American Astronomical Society (AAS)

      chapter |1 pages

      Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500–c. 428 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Anaximander of Miletus (c. 611–c. 547 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585–c. 525 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Anderson, Carl David (1905–91)

      chapter |1 pages

      Andromeda

      chapter |3 pages

      Andromeda Galaxy

      ByRené Walterbos

      chapter |1 pages

      Anglo-Australian Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Angstrom

      chapter |1 pages

      Ångström, Anders Jonas (1814–74)

      chapter |1 pages

      Angular Momentum

      chapter |4 pages

      Anomalous Cosmic Rays

      ByJ R Jokipii

      chapter |1 pages

      Anomaly

      chapter |1 pages

      Antapex

      chapter |1 pages

      Antares

      chapter |1 pages

      Anthelme, Voituret (c. 1618–83)

      chapter |7 pages

      Anthropic Principle

      ByBernard Carr

      chapter |1 pages

      Antimatter

      chapter |1 pages

      Antlia

      chapter |1 pages

      Antoniadi, Eugenios (1870–1944)

      chapter |1 pages

      Apache Point Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Apastron

      chapter |1 pages

      Aperture

      chapter |1 pages

      Aperture Synthesis

      chapter |1 pages

      Apex

      chapter |1 pages

      Aphelion

      chapter |1 pages

      Aphrodite Terra

      chapter |1 pages

      Apian [Bienewitz or Bennewitz], Peter (1495-1552)

      chapter |1 pages

      Apoapsis

      chapter |1 pages

      Apogee

      chapter |1 pages

      Apollo

      chapter |1 pages

      Apollonius [Apollonios] of Perga (200–100 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Apparent Solar Time

      chapter |1 pages

      Apparition

      chapter |1 pages

      Appleton, Edward Victor (1892–1965)

      chapter |1 pages

      Appulse

      chapter |1 pages

      Apus

      chapter |1 pages

      Aquarius

      chapter |1 pages

      Aquila

      chapter |1 pages

      Ara

      chapter |1 pages

      Arago, Dominique François Jean (1786–1853)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aratus [Aratos] (c. 315–c. 245 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Archelaus (fifth century BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Arcturus

      chapter |1 pages

      Arecibo Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August (1799–1875)

      chapter |1 pages

      Argo Navis

      chapter |1 pages

      Ariel

      chapter |1 pages

      Ariel

      chapter |1 pages

      Aries

      chapter |1 pages

      Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aristillus (c. 200 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Aristotle of Stagira (384–322 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Armagh Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Armillary Sphere

      chapter |1 pages

      Armstrong, Neil Alden (1930–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Arrhenius, Svante August (1859–1927)

      chapter |4 pages

      Art and Literature

      ByPaul Murdin, Patrick Moore

      chapter |1 pages

      Artificial Satellite

      chapter |1 pages

      ASCA (Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics/Astro-D)

      chapter |1 pages

      Ashen Light

      chapter |1 pages

      Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy

      chapter |1 pages

      Asterism

      chapter |1 pages

      Asteroid Belt

      chapter |4 pages

      Asteroid Discovery in History

      ByGareth V Williams

      chapter |7 pages

      Asteroids

      ByMarcello Fulchignoni

      chapter |1 pages

      Astigmatism

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrid

      chapter |1 pages

      Astro

      chapter |1 pages

      Astro

      chapter |1 pages

      Astro Space Center, Moscow

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrochemistry

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrodynamics

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrolabe

      ByMichael Hoskin

      chapter |3 pages

      Astrology

      ByDavid Pingree

      chapter |12 pages

      Astrometric Surveys

      ByCarlos E. López

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrometry

      chapter |9 pages

      Astrometry with Hubble Space Telescope

      ByGeorge F Benedict

      chapter |4 pages

      Astrometry: History

      ByAllan Chapman

      chapter |9 pages

      Astrometry: Telescopes and Techniques

      ByNorbert Zacharias

      chapter |1 pages

      Astron

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomical Institute of Athens

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomical Observing Notebooks for Amateurs

      ByPatrick Moore

      chapter |2 pages

      Astronomical Photography by Amateurs with Telescopes

      ByNik Szymanek

      chapter |4 pages

      Astronomical Societies and Publications

      ByVirginia Trimble, Michael Hoskin

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomical Society of Australia

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomical Society of the Pacific

      chapter |7 pages

      Astronomical Spectroscopy

      ByPaul Ho

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomical Unit

      chapter |2 pages

      Astronomical Wide-field CCD Imaging by Amateurs

      ByNik Szymanek

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomische Gesellschaft

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomische Nederlands Satelliet (ANS)

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomisches Institut der Universität Würzburg

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomy

      chapter |1 pages

      Astronomy and Astrophysics in India

      ByJayant Narlikar

      chapter |2 pages

      Astronomy on the Web

      ByRichard Tresch Feinberg

      chapter |3 pages

      Astrophysical Bounds on Particle Properties

      ByGeorg G Raffelt

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrophysical Institute, Potsdam

      chapter |3 pages

      Astrophysical Jets

      ByR D Blandford

      chapter |1 pages

      Astrophysics

      chapter |6 pages

      Astrophysics to 1900

      ByJack Meadows

      chapter |1 pages

      Atacama Large Millimeter Array

      chapter |1 pages

      Atmospheric Pressure

      chapter |1 pages

      Atmospheric refraction

      chapter |1 pages

      Atom

      chapter |1 pages

      Aureole

      chapter |1 pages

      Auriga

      chapter |6 pages

      Aurora

      ByGérard Thuillier

      chapter |2 pages

      Aurorae: Observing by Amateurs

      ByKarenne Barnes

      chapter |4 pages

      Auroral Kilometric Radiation

      ByDominique Le Quéau, Philippe Louarn

      chapter |1 pages

      Australia Telescope National Facility

      chapter |4 pages

      Australian Astronomy

      ByJ Gordon Robertson

      chapter |1 pages

      Auzout, Adrien (1622–91)

      chapter |1 pages

      Axis (pl: axes)

      chapter |1 pages

      Azimuth

      chapter |1 pages

      Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter (1893–1960)

      chapter |1 pages

      Babbage, Charles (1792–1871)

      chapter |1 pages

      Babcock, Harold Delos (1882–1968) and Babcock, Horace Welcome (1912–)

      chapter |4 pages

      Babylonian Astronomy

      ByAlexander Jones

      chapter |1 pages

      Backlund, Jöns Oskar (1846–1916)

      chapter |1 pages

      Baffin, William (c 1584–1622)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bailey, Solon Irving (1854–1931)

      chapter |1 pages

      Baillaud, Édouard Benjamin (1848–1934)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bailly, Jean Sylvain (1736–93)

      chapter |1 pages

      Baily, Francis (1774-1844)

      chapter |1 pages

      Baily's Beads

      chapter |1 pages

      Ball, Sir Robert Stawell (1840–1913)

      chapter |1 pages

      Balmer, Johann Jakob (1825–98)

      chapter |1 pages

      Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bappu, Manali Kallat Vainu (1927–82)

      chapter |1 pages

      Barlow Lens

      chapter |1 pages

      Barlow, Peter (1776–1862)

      chapter |1 pages

      Barnard, Edward Emerson (1857–1923)

      chapter |1 pages

      Barnard's Loop (Sh2-276)

      chapter |1 pages

      Barnard's Star

      chapter |1 pages

      Barred Spiral Galaxy

      chapter |1 pages

      Barringer, Daniel Moreau (1860–1929)

      chapter |1 pages

      Barycenter

      chapter |2 pages

      Baryogenesis (baryon genesis or matter/antimatter asymmetry)

      ByEdward Kolb

      chapter |1 pages

      Baryons

      chapter |1 pages

      Bayer, Johann (1572–1625)

      chapter |4 pages

      Be Stars

      ByGeraldine J Peters

      chapter |1 pages

      Becklin–Neugebauer Object (BN Object)

      chapter |1 pages

      Beer, Wilhelm (1797–1850)

      chapter |1 pages

      Beijing Astronomical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Bell, Susan Jocelyn [name following her marriage Burnell, or Bell-Burnell] (1943–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bennett, Willard Harrison (1903–87)

      chapter |1 pages

      BeppoSAX (Satellite for X-ray Astronomy)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846)

      chapter |1 pages

      Beta Pictoris

      chapter |1 pages

      Beta Regio

      chapter |1 pages

      Betelgeuse

      chapter |1 pages

      Bethe, Hans Albrecht (1906–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bevis, John (1695–1771)

      chapter |1 pages

      Biela, Wilhelm von (1782–1856)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bielids

      chapter |1 pages

      Biermann, Ludwig Franz Benedikt (1907–86)

      chapter |1 pages

      Big Bang Theory

      chapter |1 pages

      Big Bear Solar Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Big Dipper

      chapter |3 pages

      Binary Stars in Globular Clusters

      ByMario L Mateo

      chapter |3 pages

      Binary Stars in Planetary Nebulae

      ByHoward E Bond

      chapter |1 pages

      Binary Stars: Detached

      ByDirk Terrell

      chapter |7 pages

      Binary Stars: Overview

      ByVirginia Trimble

      chapter |1 pages

      Binary System

      chapter |3 pages

      Binocular Astronomy

      ByPatrick Moore

      chapter |1 pages

      Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862)

      chapter |1 pages

      Birkeland, Kristian (1868–1917)

      chapter |1 pages

      BiSON Network

      chapter |1 pages

      BL Lacertae

      ByJoseph E Pesce

      chapter |8 pages

      BL Lacertae Objects

      ByJohn T Stocke, Travis A Rector

      chapter |1 pages

      Blaauw, Adriaan (1914)

      chapter |1 pages

      Black Drop

      chapter |1 pages

      Black Eye Galaxy

      chapter |1 pages

      Black Hole

      chapter |1 pages

      Black-Body Radiation

      chapter |5 pages

      Black-Hole Candidates in X-ray Binaries

      ByPhilip A Charles

      chapter |1 pages

      Blazar

      chapter |1 pages

      Blink Comparator

      chapter |1 pages

      Blinking Planetary (NGC 6826)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bliss, Nathaniel (1700–64)

      chapter |5 pages

      Blue Stars at High Galactic Latitudes

      ByJohn S Drilling

      chapter |6 pages

      Blue Stragglers

      ByMike Shara

      chapter |1 pages

      Bode, Johann Elert (1747–1826)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bode's Law

      chapter |1 pages

      Bok, Bart Jan (1906–83)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bolide

      chapter |1 pages

      Bolton, John Gatenby (1922–93)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bond, William Cranch (1789–1859) and Bond, George Phillips (1825–65)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bondi, Hermann (1919–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bonestell, Chesley (1888–1986)

      chapter |2 pages

      BOOMERANG

      ByPaolo de Bernardis

      chapter |1 pages

      Boötes

      chapter |1 pages

      Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso (1608–79)

      chapter |1 pages

      Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe (1711–87)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bouguer, Pierre (1698–1758)

      chapter |1 pages

      Boulliau, Ismael (1605–94)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bouvard, Alexis (1767–1843)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bowditch, Nathaniel (1773–1838)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bowen, Edward George [`Taffy'] (1911–91)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bowen, Ira Sprague [`Ike'] (1898–1973)

      chapter |1 pages

      Boyle, Willard S (1924–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Boys, Charles Vernon (1855–1944)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bradley, James (1693–1762)

      chapter |1 pages

      Brahmagupta (c 598–c 665)

      chapter |1 pages

      Brashear, John Alfred (1840–1920)

      chapter |1 pages

      Brattle, Thomas (1658–1713)

      chapter |1 pages

      Braun, Wernher von (1912–77)

      chapter |1 pages

      Breccia

      chapter |1 pages

      Briggs, Henry (1561–1630)

      chapter |4 pages

      Bright Quasar 3C 273

      ByThierry J-L Courvoisier

      chapter |1 pages

      Brisbane, Thomas Makdougall (1773–1860)

      chapter |1 pages

      British Astronomical Association

      chapter |3 pages

      British Astronomy

      ByPaul Murdin

      chapter |1 pages

      Brorsen, Theodore (1819–95)

      chapter |1 pages

      Brouwer, Dirk (1902–66)

      chapter |1 pages

      Brown, Ernest William (1866–1938)

      chapter |1 pages

      Brown, Robert Hanbury (1916–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bruno, Giordano (1548–1600)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bubble Nebula (NGC 7635)

      chapter |1 pages

      Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc Comte de (1707–88)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Astronomy

      chapter |1 pages

      Burbidge, Eleanor Margaret Peachey (1919–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Buridan [Buridano], John (bf. fourteenth century)

      chapter |1 pages

      Burnham, Sherburne Wesley (1838–1921)

      chapter |1 pages

      Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Caelum

      chapter |1 pages

      Cagliari Astronomical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Calar Alto Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Calendar

      ByP Kenneth Seidelmann

      chapter |3 pages

      Calendar in the Middle East and Europe

      ByRichard A Jarrell

      chapter |1 pages

      California Nebula (NGC 1499)

      chapter |1 pages

      Callippus of Cyzicus (c. 370–c. 310 BC)

      chapter |3 pages

      Callisto

      ByG Schubert, J Klemaszewski

      chapter |1 pages

      Caloris Basin

      chapter |1 pages

      Caltech Submillimeter Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Camelopardalis

      chapter |8 pages

      Cameras

      ByE Harvey Richardson

      chapter |1 pages

      Campanella, Tommaso [Giovan Domenico] (1568–1639)

      chapter |1 pages

      Campani, Giuseppe (1635–1715)

      chapter |1 pages

      Campanus of Novara [Campano, Giovanni] (1220–96)

      chapter |1 pages

      Campbell, William Wallace (1862–1938)

      chapter |1 pages

      Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope

      chapter |4 pages

      Canadian Astronomy

      ByPeter Broughton

      chapter |1 pages

      Canals (Martian)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cancer

      chapter |1 pages

      Candy, Michael Philip (1928–94)

      chapter |1 pages

      Canes Venatici

      chapter |1 pages

      Canis Major

      chapter |1 pages

      Canis Minor

      chapter |1 pages

      Cannon, Annie Jump (1863–1941)

      chapter |1 pages

      Canopus

      chapter |1 pages

      Cape York Meteorite

      chapter |5 pages

      Capella

      ByT R Ayres

      chapter |1 pages

      Capra, Baldassar [Baldassarre] (1580–1626)

      chapter |1 pages

      Capricornus

      chapter |3 pages

      Carbon Stars

      ByGeorge Wallerstein

      chapter |1 pages

      Carbonaceous Chondrite

      chapter |1 pages

      Cardan [Cardano; Cardanus], Jerome [Geronimo; Hieronymus; Girolamo] (1501–76)

      chapter |1 pages

      Carina

      chapter |1 pages

      Carlsberg Meridian Telescope

      chapter |1 pages

      Carnegie Observatories

      chapter |1 pages

      Carrington, Richard Christopher (1826–75)

      chapter |1 pages

      Carter National Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Cartwheel Galaxy

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassegrain Telescope

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassegrain, Laurent (c. 1629–93)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassini Dynasty

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassini, César-François [Cassini de Thury, known as Cassini III] (1714–84)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassini, Gian Domenico [Giovanni Domenico; Jean Dominique; known as Cassini I] (1625–1712)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassini, Jacques [known as Cassini II] (1677–1756)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassini, Jean-Dominique [known as Cassini IV] (1748–1845)

      chapter |8 pages

      Cassini/Huygens Mission

      ByJean-Pierre Lebreton, Dennis L Matson

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassiopeia

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassiopeia A

      chapter |1 pages

      Castelli, Benedetto (1578–1643)

      chapter |1 pages

      Castor

      chapter |1 pages

      Cat's Eye Nebula (NGC 6543)

      chapter |6 pages

      Cataclysmic Binaries: Classical and Recurrent Novae

      ByBrian Warner

      chapter |2 pages

      Cataclysmic Variables: the Magnetic Systems

      ByBrian Warner

      chapter |1 pages

      Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810)

      chapter |2 pages

      CCDs, Filters and CCD Photometry for Amateurs

      ByN Szymanek

      chapter |3 pages

      Celestial Coordinates

      ByP K Seidelman

      chapter |1 pages

      Celestial Equator

      chapter |1 pages

      Celestial Latitude

      chapter |1 pages

      Celestial Longitude

      chapter |4 pages

      Celestial Mechanics

      ByCarl D Murray

      chapter |6 pages

      Celestial Mechanics in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

      ByCurtis Wilson

      chapter |1 pages

      Celestial Poles

      chapter |1 pages

      Celestial Sphere

      chapter |1 pages

      Cellarius, Andreas (fl. seventeenth century)

      chapter |1 pages

      Celsius, Anders (1701–44)

      chapter |1 pages

      Centaurs

      chapter |1 pages

      Centaurus

      chapter |1 pages

      Center for Astrophysical Research in Antarctica

      chapter |1 pages

      Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy

      chapter |1 pages

      Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales

      chapter |3 pages

      Cepheid Period–Luminosity Relation

      ByBarry F Madore, Wendy L Freedman

      chapter |1 pages

      Cepheus

      chapter |1 pages

      Ceres

      chapter |1 pages

      CERN

      chapter |1 pages

      Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cetus

      chapter |3 pages

      CH Cygni

      ByScott Kenyon

      chapter |2 pages

      CH Stars and Barium Stars

      ByHoward E Bond, Edward M Sion

      chapter |1 pages

      Challis, James (1803–82)

      chapter |1 pages

      Chamaeleon

      chapter |1 pages

      Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder (1843–1928)

      chapter |2 pages

      Chandra X-ray Observatory

      ByMartin Elvis

      chapter |1 pages

      Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1910–95)

      chapter |2 pages

      Charge-coupled Device

      ByMichael Lesser

      chapter |1 pages

      Charlier, Carl Vilhelm Ludwig (1862–1934)

      chapter |1 pages

      Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1343–1400)

      chapter |9 pages

      Chemical Compositions of Stars

      ByDavid Leckrone

      chapter |1 pages

      Chicxulub Basin

      chapter |1 pages

      Chinese Astronomical Society

      chapter |3 pages

      Chinese Astronomy

      ByQibin Li

      chapter |4 pages

      Chinese Astronomy in History

      ByNathan Sivin

      chapter |4 pages

      Chiron

      ByJoel Wm Parker

      chapter |1 pages

      Chladni, Ernst Florens Friedrich (1756–1827)

      chapter |5 pages

      Chondrites

      ByDerek Sears

      chapter |1 pages

      Christiansen, Wilbur Norman (1913–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Christie, Sir William Henry Mahoney (1845–1922)

      chapter |1 pages

      Chromatic Aberration

      chapter |7 pages

      Chromosphere

      ByBrigitte Schmieder

      chapter |3 pages

      Chromosphere: Emerging Flux Regions

      ByV Martínez Pillet

      chapter |6 pages

      Chromosphere: Fibrils

      ByDouglas Rabin

      chapter |3 pages

      Chromosphere: Heating Mechanisms

      ByP Ulmschneider

      chapter |3 pages

      Chromosphere: Magnetic Canopy

      ByOskar Steiner

      chapter |3 pages

      Chromosphere: Network

      ByRobert J Rutten, Hermance J Hagenaar

      chapter |3 pages

      Chromosphere: Spicules

      ByJ M Beckers

      chapter |5 pages

      Chromosphere: Thermal Bifurcation

      ByT R Ayres

      chapter |1 pages

      Cidenas (fl. fourth century BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Circinus

      chapter |1 pages

      Circumpolar Stars

      chapter |1 pages

      Clairaut, Alexis Claude (1713–65)

      chapter |1 pages

      Clark, Alvan (1804–87), Clark, George Bassett (1827–91), and Clark, Alvan Graham (1832–97)

      chapter |1 pages

      Clarke, Arthur C (1917–)

      chapter |7 pages

      Classification of Stellar Spectra

      ByR F Garrison

      chapter |1 pages

      Clavius, Christoph (1538–1612)

      chapter |1 pages

      Clementine

      chapter |9 pages

      Climate

      ByJonathan I Lunine

      chapter |6 pages

      Close Binary Stars

      ByPeter Eggleton

      chapter |8 pages

      Close Binary Stars: Formation and Evolution

      ByGerrit J Savonije

      chapter |12 pages

      Clouds in Planetary Atmospheres

      ByRobert West

      chapter |1 pages

      Clown Face Nebula (NGC 2392)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cluster

      chapter |6 pages

      Cluster Membership

      ByImants Platais

      chapter |1 pages

      Cluster of Galaxies

      chapter |1 pages

      Co-orbital Satellites

      chapter |1 pages

      Coalsack

      chapter |1 pages

      Collimation

      chapter |11 pages

      Collisionless Processes in Astrophysical Plasmas

      ByRudolf A Treumann, Manfred Scholer

      chapter |1 pages

      Colombo, Guiseppe (`Bepi') (1920–84)

      chapter |1 pages

      Columba

      chapter |1 pages

      Coma

      chapter |1 pages

      Coma Berenices

      chapter |4 pages

      Coma Cluster

      ByMatthew Colless

      chapter |1 pages

      Coma, Cometary

      chapter |1 pages

      Combustion

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Arend–Roland (C/1956 R1)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Bennett (C/1969 Y1)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Biela (3D/Biela)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet de Chéseaux (C/1743 X1)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Donati (C/1858 L1)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Encke (2P/Encke)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Family

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Giacobini–Zinner (21P/Giacobini–Zinner)

      chapter |3 pages

      Comet Hale–Bopp (C/1995 O1)

      ByJacques Crovisier

      chapter |4 pages

      Comet Halley (1P/Halley)

      ByArmand H Delsemme

      chapter |2 pages

      Comet Hyakutake (C/1996 B2)

      ByJacques Crovisier

      chapter |6 pages

      Comet Ikeya-Seki (C/1965 S1)

      ByClaude Arpigny

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock (C/1983 H1)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Kohoutek (C/1973 E1)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet LINEAR (C/1999 S4)

      ByPam Spence

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Swift–Tuttle (109P/Swift–Tuttle)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet Tempel–Tuttle (55P/Tempel–Tuttle)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comet West (C/1975 V1)

      chapter |9 pages

      Cometary Atmospheres

      ByDominique Bockelée-Morvan

      chapter |1 pages

      Cometary Globule

      chapter |5 pages

      Cometary Nuclei

      ByNicolas Thomas

      chapter |7 pages

      Cometary Tails

      ByM Fulle

      chapter |11 pages

      Comets

      ByJacques Crovisier

      chapter |1 pages

      Comets: Amateur Observing by Photography

      ByStephen J Edberg

      chapter |5 pages

      Comets: Kreutz Sungrazing

      ByDouglas A Biesecker

      chapter |2 pages

      Comets: Observing with CCDs by Amateurs

      ByGiovanni Sostero

      chapter |2 pages

      Comets: Search and Discovery

      ByJon Shanklin

      chapter |1 pages

      Common, Andrew (1841–1903)

      chapter |3 pages

      Compact Groups of Galaxies

      ByPaul Hickson

      chapter |1 pages

      Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO)

      chapter |1 pages

      Comrie, Leslie John (1893–1950)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cone Nebula

      chapter |1 pages

      Conic Sections

      chapter |1 pages

      Conjunction

      chapter |3 pages

      Constellation

      chapter |3 pages

      Constellation Maps

      ByPatrick Moore

      chapter |5 pages

      Constellations, Stars and Deep-Sky Objects: Nomenclature

      ByJohn Woodruff

      chapter |1 pages

      Continuous Spectrum

      chapter |1 pages

      Contour (Comet Nucleus Tour)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cook, James (1728–79)

      chapter |3 pages

      Cooling Flows

      ByA C Fabian

      chapter |1 pages

      Copenhagen University Astronomical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Copernican System

      chapter |1 pages

      Copernicus (Crater)

      chapter |1 pages

      Copernicus (OAO-3)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cor Caroli

      chapter |1 pages

      Core

      chapter |7 pages

      Corona

      ByLen Culhane

      chapter |1 pages

      Corona Australis

      chapter |1 pages

      Corona Borealis

      chapter |3 pages

      Coronagraphs

      ByGeorge Simnett

      chapter |5 pages

      Coronal Cavities

      ByKaren Harvey

      chapter |7 pages

      Coronal Heating Mechanisms

      ByJ Heyvaerts

      chapter |6 pages

      Coronal Holes

      BySteven R Cranmer

      chapter |10 pages

      Coronal Loops

      ByChristopher Durrant

      chapter |8 pages

      Coronal Streamers

      ByS Koutchmy

      chapter |1 pages

      Coronas

      chapter |1 pages

      Coronelli, Vincenzo Maria (1650–1718)

      chapter |3 pages

      Correlation Function and Power Spectra in Cosmology

      ByCarlton Baugh

      chapter |3 pages

      Correlators

      ByWarwick Wilson

      chapter |1 pages

      Corvus

      chapter |1 pages

      COS-B (Celestial Observation Satellite)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cosimo II de' Medici (1590–1621)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cosmic Abundance of Elements

      chapter |4 pages

      Cosmic Background Explorer: COBE

      ByGeorge Smoot

      chapter |8 pages

      Cosmic Magnetic Fields: Origin of

      ByRichard Wielebinski

      chapter |7 pages

      Cosmic Microwave Background

      ByEdward Wright

      chapter |9 pages

      Cosmic Rays

      ByMartin A Lee

      chapter |5 pages

      Cosmic Rays: Extensive Air Showers

      ByJordan A Goodman, Robert W Ellsworth

      chapter |6 pages

      Cosmic Rays: Propagation in the Heliosphere

      ByR Bruce McKibben

      chapter |1 pages

      Cosmological Model

      chapter |1 pages

      Cosmological Principle

      chapter |1 pages

      Cosmology

      chapter |4 pages

      Cosmology: A Brief History

      ByJ V Narlikar

      chapter |11 pages

      Cosmology: Standard Model

      ByJohn Peacock

      chapter |1 pages

      Cosmos

      chapter |1 pages

      Cotes, Roger (1682–1716)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cowling, Thomas George (1906–90)

      chapter |1 pages

      Crab Nebula (M1, NGC 1952)

      chapter |1 pages

      Crab Pulsar

      chapter |1 pages

      Crabtree, William (1610–44)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cramér–Rao Limit (or minimum-variance bound)

      chapter |1 pages

      Crater Constellation

      chapter |7 pages

      Craters

      ByYves Langevin

      chapter |1 pages

      Crescent

      chapter |1 pages

      Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Critical Density

      chapter |1 pages

      Crust

      chapter |1 pages

      Crux

      chapter |1 pages

      Cubewano

      chapter |1 pages

      Culmination

      chapter |1 pages

      Culpeper, Nicholas (1616–54)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cunitz [Cunitia], Maria (1610–64)

      chapter |1 pages

      Curtis, Heber Doust (1872–1942)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cusp Cap

      chapter |1 pages

      Cygnus

      chapter |1 pages

      Cygnus A

      chapter |1 pages

      Cygnus Loop

      chapter |4 pages

      Cygnus X-1

      ByC T Bolton

      chapter |1 pages

      Cysat, Johann Baptist [known as Cysatus] (1586–1657)

      chapter |1 pages

      d'Alembert, Jean-Baptiste Le Rond (1717–83)

      chapter |1 pages

      d'Arrest, Heinrich Louis (1822–75)

      chapter |1 pages

      Danish Space Research Institute

      chapter |1 pages

      Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dante, Egnatio [Egnazio, Ignazio] (1536–86)

      chapter |3 pages

      Dark Matter in Galaxies

      ByKen Freeman

      chapter |8 pages

      Dark Matter: Its Nature

      ByGeorg G Raffelt

      chapter |1 pages

      Dark Nebula

      chapter |1 pages

      Darwin, George Howard (1845–1912)

      chapter |1 pages

      Davenport, William (1782–1823)

      chapter |1 pages

      David Dunlap Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Dawes, William Rutter (1799–1868)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dawes' Limit

      chapter |1 pages

      Day

      chapter |3 pages

      DB Pulsating Stars

      ByD E Winget

      chapter |1 pages

      de Chéseaux, Philippe Loys (1718–51)

      chapter |1 pages

      de Sitter, Willem (1872–1934)

      chapter |1 pages

      Deceleration Parameter

      chapter |1 pages

      Declination

      chapter |1 pages

      Dee, John (1527–1608)

      chapter |1 pages

      Deep Impact

      chapter |1 pages

      Deep Space (Space Technology)

      chapter |1 pages

      Deep Space 1

      ByPam Spence

      chapter |1 pages

      Degenerate Matter

      chapter |1 pages

      Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1749–1822)

      chapter |1 pages

      Delaunay, Charles Eugene (1816–72)

      chapter |1 pages

      Delisle, Joseph-Nicolas (fl. eighteenth century)

      chapter |1 pages

      Delphinus

      chapter |1 pages

      Delta Aquarids

      chapter |1 pages

      Delta Cephei

      chapter |1 pages

      Democritus of Abdera (c. 470–c. 380 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Deneb

      chapter |1 pages

      Denning, William Frederick (1848–1931)

      chapter |1 pages

      Density

      chapter |1 pages

      Descartes, René (1596–1650)

      chapter |1 pages

      Deslandres, Henri Alexandre (1853–1948)

      chapter |2 pages

      Detection of Faint Objects

      ByBruce A Peterson

      chapter |3 pages

      Detectors: Photography

      ByDavid Malin

      chapter |6 pages

      Detectors: Superconducting Tunnel Junction Devices

      ByA Peacock

      chapter |1 pages

      Diamond Ring

      chapter |1 pages

      Dichotomy

      chapter |1 pages

      Dicke, Robert Henry (1916–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Differential Rotation

      chapter |1 pages

      Differentiation

      chapter |1 pages

      Diffraction

      chapter |1 pages

      Diffraction Grating

      chapter |3 pages

      Diffuse Interstellar Bands

      ByTheodore P Snow

      chapter |1 pages

      Digges, Leonard (c 1520–c 1559) and Digges, Thomas (1545/6–95)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dione

      chapter |1 pages

      Direct Motion

      chapter |1 pages

      Disconnection Event

      chapter |7 pages

      Disk Galaxies

      ByJay Gallagher, Linda Sparke, Lynn Matthews

      chapter |1 pages

      Dispersion

      chapter |6 pages

      Distances (from Antiquity to 1900)

      ByRichard A Jarrell, Michael Hoskin

      chapter |8 pages

      Distribution of Galaxies, Clusters, and Superclusters

      ByMarc Postman

      chapter |1 pages

      Diurnal Motion

      chapter |3 pages

      Divided Instruments

      ByAllan Chapman

      chapter |1 pages

      Divini, Eustachio (1610–85)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dixon, Jeremiah (1733–79)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dobson Unit

      chapter |1 pages

      Dobsonian Telescope

      chapter |1 pages

      Dollond, John (1706–61)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dome

      chapter |1 pages

      Dominion Astrophysical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Donati, Giambattista [Giovanni Battista] (1826–73)

      chapter |1 pages

      Doppelmayr, Johann Gabriel (1671–1750)

      chapter |1 pages

      Doppler Effect

      chapter |1 pages

      Doppler, Johann Christian Andreas (1803–53)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dorado

      chapter |1 pages

      Double Star

      chapter |2 pages

      Double Stars: Visual and Imaging Observations by Amateurs

      ByRobert Argyle

      chapter |1 pages

      Douglass, Andrew Ellicott (1867–1962)

      chapter |2 pages

      DQ Herculis

      ByMatt A Wood

      chapter |1 pages

      Draco

      chapter |1 pages

      Drake, Frank Donald (1930–)

      chapter |1 pages

      Draper, Henry (1837–82)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dreyer, John Louis Emil (1852–1926)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dubhe

      chapter |1 pages

      Dudley Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Dumbbell Nebula (M27, NGC 6853)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dunér, Nils Christoffel (1839–1914)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dunlop, James (1793–1848)

      chapter |1 pages

      Dunsink Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Dust Tail, Cometary

      chapter |8 pages

      Dusty Circumstellar Disks

      ByBen Zuckerman

      chapter |4 pages

      Dutch Astronomy

      ByWilfried Boland

      chapter |4 pages

      Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies

      ByNelson Caldwell

      chapter |1 pages

      Dwarf Galaxy

      chapter |2 pages

      Dwarf Irregular Galaxies

      ByEline Tolstoy

      chapter |4 pages

      Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

      ByMario Mateo

      chapter |1 pages

      Dwingeloo Observatory

      chapter |1 pages

      Dyer Observatory

      chapter |2 pages

      Dynamical Reference Frame

      ByP Kenneth Seidelmann

      chapter |7 pages

      Dynamics

      ByJames Binney

      chapter |1 pages

      Dynamics Explorer (Explorer 62 and 63)

      chapter |6 pages

      Dynamo Theory

      ByKeith Moffatt

      chapter |3 pages

      Dynamos: Solar and Stellar

      ByRobert Rosner

      chapter |1 pages

      Dyson, Sir Frank Watson (1868–1939)

      chapter |1 pages

      Eagle Nebula (IC 4703)

      chapter |3 pages

      Earth: Space-based Observations

      ByDavid D Herring, Michael D King

      chapter |9 pages

      Earth's Atmosphere

      ByEric Chassefière

      chapter |5 pages

      Earth's Interior

      ByPaul D, Jr Lowman

      chapter |8 pages

      Earth's Rotation

      ByNicole Capitaine, Christian Bizouard

      chapter |3 pages

      Earth's Rotation: Theory

      ByVeronique Dehant

      chapter |1 pages

      Earthshine

      chapter |1 pages

      Eckert, Wallace John (1902–71)

      chapter |9 pages

      Eclipse

      ByJay M Pasachoff

      chapter |7 pages

      Eclipsing Binary Stars

      ByR E Wilson

      chapter |1 pages

      Ecliptic

      chapter |1 pages

      Ecosphere

      chapter |1 pages

      Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley (1882–1944)

      chapter |1 pages

      Edgeworth, Kenneth Essex (1880–1972)

      chapter |1 pages

      Education

      ByPaul Murdin, Patrick Moore

      chapter |4 pages

      Effective Temperature Scale and Bolometric Corrections

      ByRichard Gray

      chapter |1 pages

      Effelsberg Radio Telescope

      chapter |1 pages

      Egg Nebula (CRL 2688)

      chapter |1 pages

      Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2)

      ByPeter Bond

      chapter |1 pages

      Einstein, Albert (1879–1955)

      chapter |1 pages

      EISCAT

      chapter |1 pages

      Ejecta

      chapter |1 pages

      Electromagnetic Radiation

      chapter |1 pages

      Electromagnetic Spectrum

      chapter |1 pages

      Electron

      chapter |1 pages

      Electronvolt

      chapter |1 pages

      Electroweak Force

      chapter |1 pages

      Element, Chemical

      chapter |1 pages

      Elementary Particles

      chapter |1 pages

      Ellipse

      chapter |8 pages

      Elliptical Galaxies

      ByRoger L Davies

      chapter |1 pages

      Elongation

      chapter |1 pages

      Elsasser, Walter M (1904–91)

      chapter |1 pages

      Emission Spectrum

      chapter |1 pages

      Empedocles of Akragas (c. 492–c. 432 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Enceladus

      chapter |1 pages

      Encke, Johann Franz (1791–1865)

      chapter |1 pages

      Energy

      chapter |4 pages

      Environmental Threat to Astronomy

      ByD McNally

      chapter |1 pages

      Eötvös, Baron Lóránd [Roland] von (1848–1919)

      chapter |7 pages

      Ephemerides

      ByJean-Eudes Arlot

      chapter |1 pages

      Epicurus of Samos (341–270 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Epoch

      chapter |1 pages

      Epsilon Aurigae

      chapter |1 pages

      Epsilon Lyrae

      chapter |1 pages

      Equation of Time

      chapter |1 pages

      Equator-S

      chapter |1 pages

      Equatorial Mounting

      chapter |1 pages

      Equinox

      chapter |1 pages

      Equuleus

      chapter |1 pages

      Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276–c. 196 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Erfle, Heinrich Valentin (1884–1923)

      chapter |1 pages

      Eridanus

      chapter |1 pages

      Eros

      chapter |1 pages

      Escape Velocity

      chapter |1 pages

      Eta Aquarids

      chapter |1 pages

      Eta Carinae

      chapter |1 pages

      Eta Carinae Nebula

      chapter |1 pages

      Ether (or Aether)

      chapter |1 pages

      Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 400–c. 347 BC)

      chapter |1 pages

      Euler, Leonhard (1707–83)

      chapter |1 pages

      Euro-Asian Astronomical Society

      chapter |4 pages

      Europa

      ByJohn Spencer

      chapter |1 pages

      Europa Orbiter

      chapter |1 pages

      European Astronomical Society

      chapter |1 pages

      European Southern Observatory (ESO)

      chapter |1 pages

      European Space Agency (ESA)

      chapter |1 pages

      Evening Star

      chapter |1 pages

      Evershed, John (1864–1956)

      chapter |3 pages

      Excitation and Ionization

      ByEvelyn Roueff

      chapter |1 pages

      Exit Pupil

      chapter |7 pages

      Exobiology

      ByFrançois Raulin

      chapter |1 pages

      Exoplanets: Observing by Amateurs

      ByArto Oksanen

      chapter |1 pages

      Exosat (European X-ray Observatory Satellite)

      chapter |1 pages

      Expanding Universe

      chapter |1 pages

      Explorer

      chapter |7 pages

      Extended Atmospheres

      ByDermott Mullan

      chapter |6 pages

      Extragalactic Astronomy c. 1900–1950

      ByRobert W Smith