chart for the Department. The headquar t such matters, though I tried at several how many field staff are employed throug rs in the s my knowledge, the hout the

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ex 16. b M ro p u erienc ygguhetssienf with the project suggested he could proceed faster than could an older EE rhoamtoonuttsh id eec . the ayacut, aonadsttahladtehle ta hsa th semEoE re cdoim re m ct owna ly y is more actively involved in upland canals. If so, this might help explain why delta po sstosftsehnadritnogbienm it otrhea ‘ nex is p e th nesicraasiesionng 17. bBeilp ow ve’ (see villa lgaeb ). -D wi adseguop rg ta ansiusgag ti eosn ts w (p oeurlsdonbaeldcio ff m ic m ul utn to ic aacth io i n) that in many West based organisation within villages than is normall eyve th beeccaau se seinofotuhresgtraeB at eenrgdaelgvrie ll e a te. goefscs la uscsh -18. aOncdca Hind ssuicohnailn ly c incautious contractors a u noted itdheantttshemIanycogm et esTmaax ll Dbeyp li rneesca in ugthhtew pr i e th huge sums of money on their hands, contractor who owed even more in in acro tm me enttaxhaadrrseesisz . edFoRrs . e3x4am la pklhe , froonm1t9heJu re ly s id 1e9n8c0e , oTfhaetrh es eidceonncte ra ocf to arc ( lerk of a private engineering colleg ars, plus another R s.l^ lakh from the permitted). I th tahnekco Je nrterm ac ytoJraccokm so ensffroorm th ainsa re dfjeaecewnhtiscthatbeow re htehreesparm iv eatneacm ol eleagsetshheanvaembeeeonf 19. TThhe es re e f is acatlo so rs vaarreiarteiloenvabnettw to variation over time a re nndcep . lace within any canal command area. c th oeasu ta plladned lt sas ( . b D uy eiln ta gfaarbm ig e g rs eetn en cdan to al s b , eep sp re epca ia rleldytboetpwaeyenmcoa re n . alWsohn en thdeelu ta plands and on the continue to be more willing etroarpeaayw th i e th irtrh ig eap ti rooncesetdas of the sale of their d fa erlm ta e r la sncdo ) mtehe to y int A en d fu ed rt h to erbequoanlc if e i -c aan ti d o -n fo : r A -a lltlh , osu om gh eftlheex ib zo il n it iyng is poefffl — an tdhefy become the ‘price leaders’. rights changed. Such desired changes may rmitted— or irrigation (‘localisation’) is entail several trips by village representativ w es eltloha th vees to ta b te ecpaap id f villages can have their water and Sub-division offices. Their price would normally be sev i e ta ra l o , r , and l a ti smweelolbatsa in s the tpointghethD em iv i m sio anys re e q as uoen st a m ss auyrannocte ; beangd ra env te edn . if the villagers are prepared to pay this sort of r a ic meooufntatohnee ir -20. T fo hrelocw ro esrs --d bouwnnds in lu circeeass . es the discharge through the sluice, thus reducing what is available 21. aTghaiisncsat; seitochcaudrrfeedwinfa1m9i7l7 ie . sTo he ftvh il e l age was poorest quarter of villages in the dis d tr oim ct. ina nnetacraastteaiol-fen th d e , sroegcioounl ; dabnedeaw si alsycdliesacrrliymiinnatth ed e 22. fHoe re a m ct auna ) l ; lysesn ai idortheantgr in uemeo rs ura -r meoqnugie te ri npg re ipsaorneedotfot he tricks of being a field staffer ( down fellows’ accept admit, in general terms, that tbhaen ‘ k lo ewroerr 23. p If r o th meis fa ersm , aenrdslaolsseoctohnfbird ib en es c . ink him e ‘ iwne th ak e w kn il e li endg ’, ntehsesyowra il blib li etymoofraeS li u ke pleyrv to is o re rsoorrtAtEob to deliver on c st arnucptruorm es i , sebyw -p it ahso si untgdteh li eve ir r r in ig g a . tion hierarchy. This checks the extent to which rtehaeko in ff gictehres 24. ‘ O T ne tra hneseennggiinneeeerrsgaiivdesthm er oere is wwah te artthoetchae ll leadnads ‘ v o ic fiaoupsoc li itriccliea ’ n b , etthwaetefnele lo n w gi noebe li rgseas nd poli fer’. at the ttiicm ia enos: f 25. A1k ss g u /a mce , acnodnsaesrsvuam ti e v , e a ly sitnhtahtetvhiel wet season padd the Supervisor and AE, and two la -g th eirwdhsetroeIth li evefdo , rythaarteeaa , cahbvoiu ll tag1e60,000 acres or so, pays Then over the whole cana emen and banker gsivw es haobdoiu re tco tl nye -s tehriv rd eitto . emao ch ntgheltyab sa oluatry32o0fkgbsetowfpl, if the ee anddRy ( 330 or so field staff divide the collections equally, they will 2,000 kg (if they share equally— s. w 30 h 0 ic han ca dn7b0e0r . ouEgahclhyvSaulpue ed rv a is toRrs. a1n . d2pA er Ekgw ), ilclogmeptarroeudgthola co in practice the AE would get more, the Supervisor less) y , p am la mup si abrie li d ty tooafntA he E ’ assasvu erage monthly salary of about Rs. 1,900, and less for Supervisor. The sam oeng re st sefn ie tlmdesn ta t ff a , maonndgm by ptth io enfsacitstsh trengthened by the absence of rags-to-riches stories what the payments are fo srt , a fa srwmee ll r s at the asthoanttthheegm ra oinneypapya ments ir level). In y th meednrtdsosonm ot e ar y season ti m ou es seda the gra o n ( ydtehp in egnd li iknegtohnem les osrecoomfm th oend , ry le sssea in so st n i tu ir triiognaa te li dseadr , eamiosreunadtetrhneodni -s fcoroed ti in payments aocn ro opfs . individual households; an rde 26. Rs.2,400,000 x 5% x 25% (to reduce to a Sub-division basis) x 50%.

erienc with the project suggested he could proceed faster than could an older EE money fro

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. SHeoewneovteers , i 11 and 12. eanpglianceeeriinngansptraitveastewh co er ll eegpe ri vaa re te neonw gi nceoem ri m ng ocn olleges are now and medicine is b ; and authorisa p ti eornmo it f te pdr , i v ve a r te yleadru ge cafteieosnfo in r g re rcaoduupa te th seoffeseuocnhtchoe ll e jo g b es , pwehro eing opposed in some states by people who argue that the For some years in the late 1hagpestjionbis ll iicnitthweaypsu . blic sector will have a strong incentive to diploma-holders wanting to jo 9i6n0sthaendIrfriirg st ath io al nfoDfe the 1970s the supply of gradu places, and it is said that joining payments did then hav pearttombeenmtaedxec . eeTdheed en th g e in eex er psaonas te io snanodf 29. TIh sp eesatk ra a te ll gjyo ine f whom political comp vlaerd before this time. xiieosnfa ro t m th ecapsleac to case depending on a whole range of factors, such as the 30. ‘ Iin ig fl nuoernece th ’. e W co h m at plfiocla lo ti w on sitshaatt ( yeptiocawlhpiacthtetrhne , eansgIinuen er dewrissthaensd to go, and the engineer’s own Irrigation, Medium Irrigation asn in dceM th in eoerarIlryr ig 19 a 7 ti 0osn ) , tha ere are iMt. inisters for eac parts of Irrigation; one Minister and one Secretary are ncd le asrelvyersaelniSoerctroe ta th ri eesotfhohrodfifM fe a re jo nrta fo ls ll oow ig innogredtihsecursoslieono . ftIhefS ur etchreer ta riygn ( o who is an Indian Administrative Service off e ic rs e . r ) I in sh tahlel 31. T le w gi o s la qtuuarleifa ic nad ti omnesm : Ibferhseocfan th , ethneatE io Ena re l le th g e is la dtiusr ti e n . ction between members of the state nMeigno is ti taetri , osnosm . See one to whom the Minis m te aryw ta il klefiandve it rydiifnff ic lu u e lt nttioalsamyan no w . i T th hihs im wi ltlohsee lp etthhee 32. T is htihse , a sa tnlceta io st n , in cgonadu , thoonribtiygfcoornsEtE ru c tr t a io n n sf perrosjw ec it thsitnhe CE is in charge of several Circles, and parties tend t is how the engineers understand the th m is astettero — f C th i o rc ulg es h . given that political 33. pNaorrtmyaw ll ayr -c ohneos ly tbsemwaeyaknaostcboerpso ha ra rp te . organisations, the distinction between personal use and o in rwmhoircehm th aiyshsav the one or tw tud eysiigsnsie fi t c , a th nt epoa lo rmctoaslosgftotpvhoeewrinrecrmo ful ennsttMs it t u LAs will be vis ru en ct c u ie re s irrigated ited, though six or seven village panchayat) was more or less moribund from 197 0 ( ztio ll a1p9a 81 ri b sh yatdh , epcaanncahla . yIanttshaemsittah te local government struct . In states where electiv i e , 34. S in o m tra enSsu fe presrianstewnedlilnagsE th u e re lsofcuanl ction, people like the samithi president may also be involved two-year term of office), ngoirne3e8r -4 pM8 os Ltt As. ismoenstthheeadvee lt raasgceoasntn1u2a -l 15SE la skahlsar ( y fo . rTw hr heaets is penco if rimcaplo ly stasaproe li know Buil t d ic in s. gIntt is occoom st in th sumptuo muosnrieksnroaw ng le e d , gae ll twh ithin the tirement hou astes th e is in acau re mabceonntssidoefrtehdes to be the ne favourite use oefptohsetspcraonrv ‘ emcaeknetrmeiolf li sotnast ' e . rfeaa ci slo it natw ed hyby en egnignieneeresrlsi ' kperc iv ainla eg l-e li dniancgcepsrsotgorasm ca m rc eesciesmbeenctauasteb , ealsow on fereseaim fits d, arck — et apru ic se much mine’.) ement iess . a ( gOon ld e 35. C Th ir eclree . lative authority of the CE and SE depends on whether the transfer is inter- or intra-36. tThhereMeL co A m , pilsickan ti oow ns n : aIsn some areas there is a big farmer-contractor who, in the selection of twhaatterrefsreorm vo iarncaunplhaanvdecaa th neal kingmaker; the AE may well visit him. Second, where excess at the critical point of th ediusp ti rnucntsinitnetroesaticnoah st land canal wher aevailnrgesaenrvAoE ir , wthh the amount of oeiMssLyAms ‘excess’ pia an stdhdMeette ic itnois rmin ttheer ed. isrunned ed er way, interest in what goes on in one watershed is by no means confined to the peop I le n a th nidssT po hli it agai rnd ic , itahnes lo o leads tcfoatlhM at watershed, mor LeAcommapylb ex eosfoditfhfe patterns of influence can be spatially quite complex. 37. This figure comes from a cana plaw tte hrenrsenotfpianrftly ue , nocred . ifferent faction, to the Minister, and this where the price of the EE’s post is erheigthheerEoE ne ’s w po osutldcoesxtpaebcotu th teonpeay la mkehntinto th M e late 197 higher LAs to 0bse ; ahcatvuealtoalcsoom . e If thoow hi ever the case. In this m c , ashee , daom es anno is t o ha fvue nusual influence he may not pay the MLAs—‘they Ministers on his side’—he slttih ll ohuagdhttohepm to a go to them’, said one informant describing an went to senior officers, not to the Minis atyeran lo htadofamgorneeayttdoeagletotfhienfplo ue st n , cbe— ut ‘ thheehpaadym four or MLAs. ent

11 and 12. olleges are now and medicine is b ; and authorisa

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a It siespsaar id attehC at iricflaen , hAeE so wmaenttismteossh ta ayst in otphaeystahmeeSpElaocfeh and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir ecrlet , oedso pe scoiah ll aysitfoittriasnasnfeOrt & oiasnpduttehserTerliab ti unngalt ’ o s 40. f ‘I encitshieonF is not binding on oodgrain oofdorfoprurW ch oarskeporfocgtrrhoaecmgkm ov er eyse , rinnm fl ean te t d , and furn so it is i m tu u re staenrldrio tt lllesw us i e th d upkeep ofb ic ytiitr io riga f gove ursnn ti aomnesst , afuft . ment buil idliin sa gtsiohnavoef 41. cTohmee to light’ [Krishnaswamy, amou tnhtr . ee Supervisors who ca m 19 e80i ] n . the first half of 1981 all reputedly had to pay this 42. o W rd el elrotvoersh1a0r0eAoEustftohuend sh tohre tf m al sle lv oefsphoasv ts i , ngan to dtparkeesucm om ab pluyls ( osriy nc oenteh -e monnotrhmh al o li rdaa ti yos in S su u p pervisors to AEs is 4:1) well over 400 Supervisors. Occasio of won p d ly erasnhdodwem th aenydafroerhsatn af dflemduisntb ir eringoar ti m on al d in epaanry tm b e ig ntcsoenlssterwun ct ailoinmobraglaannicseastiboent , waenedno th nee 43. uHnegnacteedfairtm is e m rs o c re o m di m ffi ocnullytfdoor th n e ot want gates on their sluices, hebreecianusteheifwtohre ld s . luices are w ta a il t -e erndselnotcad ti oow ns n do to wtahnetmu . psT tr heiasm st asf lu fitcoescu to tobfeTg th a e te ir d , wsaotetrh . aOttnhe th yeco an th beerh cl aonsde , dfa armers in themselves and what they want fo rstohretro es ftdoifve th rg eesnycse te m be itswaeefnunw da h m at e n ir ta ri lgfaetaotrusrewnadnmt ore irrig of can fo arl 44. aOrneeaahta ion. swshiscyhmapraethnyotwzhoenreed the farmers could grow some crop other than paddy. But in some ffa ro il m ur e (z too ned) paddy areas hfiogrhp er adudpy the land provide adequate drainage , . toIngrtohw is an is too saturated by seepage from the canal, or 45. A few engineers who reach SE or CE rank stil clafsyeotthheeerncg ro in p e ; e w rs hich reflects poor zoning, and do a mediocre job and to keep quiet in the face i o nd f w in rtoon le grdaobilneg th heapvreesmsuuc re hslteossbjeuscto if rir ca , and simply retire early u . ptti , otno . dSeEsiagpnpaon in One officials th dtaecdon to st a ru bcitg io nne , wanWdosraliddBoapnekn -l ayidaetdmpereotjien ct t if the minor distributories had been pr gos was appalled at the poor standard of first place, the large amounts now having to be spen pteorflyend gineers and senior government unnecessary. He was harrassed so fiercely by his colleag uteosu (i peg si rgandeed th and con t is said) tehm at w he osu tructed re ld ti rheadveeinbete he know arly. nId ta elpelnet at least one CE who t e in dgatnhded Ir yrn ig am ati ioc, naD nd d o id nethseu epartmen ssp am t ec e t , sfsourcshim of a poten pielo ar re tial pilnetaeasroen rna m s. o B re otlh ik m el eynl constituenc tyowetraekeoutthsitsancdoiunrgsley , 46. cCho id ll iencg to m rs eafvoerrangoetlg es iv sitnhgan two years in a place before being transferred. fAorco re rr feos rm po . ndent, h It eiisstvheerCy, o v ll eercytoprow th eartftw he ouC ld ollector a centra ul—fo rni ormally be exp l place in the checking mechanism, writes: are overwhelmingly in not letti nnsgtacnocreru in ptM io anh ec atreadsh to tr a c . oIntt get out of hrso ee l m th set system. In s and; th oem ris ekthtaothhiiosm in e states seen m, itfeh re estiss This b is rinboetsohkinm ave at it, is enormous [loss of career t my ism el pfraerses io re nlafto iv retlhyesam re a a ll I in kntohw is ; l e ig sp het. and disgrace], and the gains from taking what the Collector’s interests are, and what he is acb ia le ll y to because of the distinction between 47. cBoem tte m rm an edntisLeexvpyec is teadlteovyreosnultthien . increase in land values wdhoi . ch the bringing of land under 48. sTyhsitsem di f in fe irrern ig ce in whole. Speed m at o io nnth is e s ‘ ipmairltairaltoeq th ueilp ib ro rium’ and ‘genera ey, if common, prob b ab ab ly le heafsfetch ts of‘slp equilibrium’ effects of the corrupt performance of the bureaucracy, as officials cut ba eck ef ftehcetieoefdsm lo ownienyg ’ d in otwhneb th uereoavuecrraalclywaosrkatphaiysm re ednutcoefdblre ib ve els , tobydm ea elaw ns it ohftw he hiirchpa in rt d ic iv uildauraclassaerse . able rtwooarckceelfefroartteinofo fi rcd ia elrs ’ toefifnov rt itfero th m e 49. T br hiibserhyoladnsdbeex ca to urste io tnheph ay ig m he ernttsaxceosmweoduilsdprlo ik peo ly rt ifoan ll a o te n items of mass consumption, while 50. A of naangortihceurltsuoru al theecronnsotm at ies , ttwoitwhhdoem ta iIlepdutknqouw es lteidogneso si fmalilya from the lande la rrgteoitrh ri ogsaetiaodndc re adn . al m th replied as follows: ssed in th eiuspplaapnedrs ,

and in ord M Circle, for release. is own Cir 39. T

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A so nmAeEamwoou rk nitngor in dtihre ec itn ly veb st yigp at oiloin ti scaolr dam concerned ministers. The money to be ppa re i ssu craensgtehtrtoruagnh sf e M rs L in A s th eancdantahlesnbythpraoyuignhgn po olrim tic a a ll lyp , r d es espuernediisnmgourpeodnom th ienaenxtac th talnocdaitridonwiilnlb th eeracnagnianlgsy fr s o te m m . RIsn .5 [ ,0 h 0 is 0sttoa te 1 ] 0 , ,0 th 00 e t in heg ir e n tr e a ra nlsfaerrebayctguiavlilnyg watching the vacanc eyctpions fl i u ti eonnce in thdrio ff ugh officials. . . . The staff Normally money is giv m en onbeyythde ir feacrtm ly e o rs rftohrro ce urg ta hinpoblein ti ecfailtsperreesnsturpels aces and then get is invest . The mon . ey thus received ecnug lt iinveae ti roend , s in ta r p ti unrgchuapseofobfurse in al e ss ess ta htoeps in differe s can control a sizeable numbe s r li okfeffaerrm tili nste places, purchase of lands for investments will be in the wives’ names only, so as e to rs rfaonrdthpeesb ti ucs id in eesssh . opMsow st heo re ftthheeg an et ytionngemcoormepilnaiknisndofam nd altphreayctw ic i e ll s d in the canal system a . v . . o . id Tahneyen le ggianleecrosma plications ispose of them through close businessm reennfoorrm ca a s ll iyfT un hdeefrigouurrescahneag ls iv ; ebsuftosrt AE transfers to canal O & M are low h. as far as one can judge, i ll thceom ba estiocamqeu ch a a rt neir to a half of an AeEr ’ tshaavner th ag eeoa rd nenrusaolfsam la argyn . i A tu ndde 51. A In dBerp it ein sh deenxc -e ChhiiseffiEen ld gisn ta efefru in se Pdutnojambarkeelamtsemd ( ipsetrhseonsaalmceo . mmunication, 1976) that prior to ( peif le fe cnte iv xetltyo , naanrroouw tl ientg , tthheefoau rm tle etr ) s , caanmdethreunopnnie ile nygwwawisitthhampo il neey of moved on to br i to pctrkhes: eve they nnetxt ‘ rewmoo uld villag deerpnl or iascae ti o th n e ’ 52. aSn ee d , so fo orn; e x th am epnleex , t C in h c ’ u sluice, Administration in China a m ng b en Htuof [ 1 th 9e55p ]. osTth re epesac ted the procedure. described here for a south dIunrdiinagntsh ta etee . igChh te ’a enng th Haan le d o ni fnectoerernutphticoenn tu in ri etshedwY ar efls lo twhu reports teR sc iv al eerepxetrraco en rd tionfartyheapcperno tr parliasttiaotnes ’s w to as ta slpb en utdfgoert , acatnudalthwaatte ‘ rhacrodn ly haotnteheteYnR th Aorfetchee iv e re dgaub la oruatn1d0cpiovliiltiscearlvfaanvtow rit riistm in , gainnd1t8r1e2a , s u ‘The important river servancy’ [512]. He quotes a top river officials have become fops raynd fu dnadnsdiaerse , e w it h h il eertshqwuoarn ks are manipulated as a means of of flower and wine’ [510]. Ch’ang Hu links the decre e site dseo re f d ri voerruw sed asing effectivene o s rk asohsabv ribes; henc f th eebYeR co Amedipe la the to rec c tl eys 53. aTrhee th feigcuorlelsap in sethoifstphaeraCgh ra ’i pnhgcdoym na esf ty ro . m conversations with farmers and others in the study 54. iIrraima. ga t p io re n p -s apre in c g if a paper on the ‘transfer’ model which discusses it in a more general, non 55. o In ftd er envaetlioopnm al endteivcec lo opnm tex en t. t agencies potentially have a role in r recipient govern m pr eon je ts ctiss . tBhuatta th tepraegseennctie th searoef fi tcoiaclopnocseirtn io n th eoefdbuo ci t ng the mismanagement inputs mselv hesthweitahge in nccr ie esasa in ngdtthheecdoem ve m lo p to mdeen velopment, while it is for the h unity stops ro en je s c it tisv . eIn an de desdu , ptphree re is perh oasptsgonvoes rn u m bj een ct titnotw he orirnytearbnoau ti totnhaeloduetvpeu lo ts p m fro e m nt (an observation for which I thank s D se adva id stSheecm kle is r m ). anagement of development programmes REFERENCES Ali, DHi . s , cu1s9s8i0o , n ‘ PPraapce ti rcaNloe . xp1e5r3i , enSceeptoefm ir bre ig r. ation reform, India’, Institute of Development Studies And N er in so et n e , e E nt . hanCdenPt . u , ry 1 , 96B7e , r Political Institutions Reprinted in Heidenheim ke elre , y 1 : 9 U 70 n . iversity of aCnadliS fo orcn ia ia lCPh re asnsg , epipn . C1o6n6t -i 6n7e , nt2a0l6E -1 u 9 ro , p2e3i0n -3 th 5 e . And P re rsekdii , caSm ., en1t9 , 6N8, e w ‘K Y le oprtko : crA ac th yerotronc . orR ru ep prtiinotnedasa system of government’, in The African Bail U ey n , iv F e .G rs . i , ty19P5r7 es , s C . aste and the Economic Frontier in : AHeV id il e la ngheeiimneHr, ig1h9 la 70 n . d Orissa, Manchester Bay X ley IX , D (4 . ) , . 1 R 96 e6p , r i ‘ nTtheedeifnfeH ct esio de fnchoe rr im up etri , on19i7n0a . developing nation’, Western Political Quarterly, Ch’a QnugarH te u r , l y, 191545 . , ‘The Yellow River Administration in the Ch’ing Dynasty’, Far Eastern

concerned ministers. The money to be p watching the vacanc

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Epst U ei nni , veT rs ., i ty 19P6r2e , ssE . conomic Development and Cultural Change in South India, Manchester Gus P ta afksiosn ta , n W ’, . E c and Heidenheimer, A o ., no1mRi . c R an ei ddiPnogle it r i , ca1l97W1, ‘ 970, Political Corru epe ti kDolnye livery of canal water in North India and West Holt, Rinehart and Winston. : ( BRoem ad b in ay g ) s , i6n ( 5C0o ): m A pa -1 ra 5t7i -v 1e62A . nalysis, New York: Indi P a, reG ve onv ti e o rnment of, Mi India, Govern nmoefnCtoorfr , u M pt iinoinni ( s ‘ tSrayntohfanHaommeReApfofrati ’ r ) s , , N1e9w 64, Report o f the Commission on the Report (4 vols.). stry of Irrigation and Power, NaDte io lh nia . l Irrigation Commission, 1972, K Le rfifs , h N na ., s w 19 a6m4y , , ‘ S., Scientist, 8(3E ). con1o9m 80, Repri inc ‘ dWeivdeelorpam ng eentotfhc ro o u rr guhptb io ur n e ’, auTchreatH ic incdour , ru3p0tiA on u ’ g , uAsmt. erican Behavioral Levi Anger , ic G ul . t , ur1a9l7A7d , t m ‘M ini asn tr aag ed em in enHt eid ti co e m nh peoinmeenrt , s1i9n70i . rrigation system design and operation’, Levi m ne a , n G ag . e , mLe . nCtho in f , r o an ta d t io S. naM on i , raVnodll irriga a . 4 t , i , 1 on 9 No. 1. Maass, A. and R. Anderson, 1978, ‘. . ’ 7 . , 6 A , g ‘ r R ic euqlu tu ir reamleW nt astefrorMtahneas and the Desert Shall Rejo g uccessful introduction and Just iecme: enCt, onV fl o ic l. t , 1. Growth, and Mar Sxe , le K ic . e , in 18A cted W5o3r , i d ‘ TEhnev ir Bornim rks, Vol. O tis ehn ts r ' u , le Cambridg ne, Mos cionw : InPdr ia e: MIT Press. Pant, N., 1979, ‘Some aspects of irrigatio ong ’, rersesprPiunb te li dshienrs Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, mimeo, A.N.S. Institute of Social Studies , aPdam tn in a i , stB ra ih ti aorn , . ( 1a96c9a . se study of Kosi project)’, RReaim di , n M ge . r , , 1R9 . 8 , 1, ‘Ferreti traditional p 19 a 7 tt 4 e , r n ‘I snsn ti g t out the black mon and utm io ond al rationing of ey’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 Feb. Scott, J., 1972, Comparative Poli e ti rcnanleCeodrsr ’ u , pEtc io ocnaonm al icwDae te vrelionn, Englewood pNmo en rt tha ern India: conflict between Seckler, D., 1981, ‘The new era of irrigation management in InCd li ifa fs ’, : nPd re Cultural C mim neto ic , e F -H or a d ll. hange, 23(1). Ne Foundation, Sha Hmoaw sa D use s . tr e y lh , i R . ., 1967(1915), Kautilya’s Arthasastra, Mysore: Mysore Printing and Publishing Swa 1 rt 1 , 2 K -1 .W 27 . . , 194 Wade, R., 19 R7e5, p 9 ri , nSta ed le ionfH Of efiid ce esnh in eitm he eSr, ev ‘Water to the fields: In d1e9n7t0 eenth Century, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. Reprinted in E.W. Coward (ed.), 1980 i , a ’ I s . rrc ig haatn io g n in gansdtrA at gerg ic y u ’, l tu SroaulthDeAvse ia lo npmReenvtieiwn , A8s ( i4a ) : . Wad Perspectiv ca e s , eRo ., f 1 It 9a7 es from the So l9y , ’ , ‘ CEoclo le ncotm iv iecrce ial an sdpoSncs ie Pol iib nce ti i c li atsly , iIWn th ecaeocna kly s , , tr N u . c Y ti . o : C Revie nwaon rn of deAm ll University Press. 52, Dga ri ncaug lt eum re e , nVtoolf . i X rr I ig V a , tiNoonsc . a5n1al & s: Wad Eec , o R no . e , c 1 . 92820 -, 2 ‘ 9 S . ubstituting management for water in canal Wade, R., m 1 ic 98a0nad , P ‘W ol a it tiecralusW er ese ’ k a ly ss ( oBco ia m ti boanys ) : , s V oc oilo . l X og V i , caNlop . ri5n2 , irR ri egvaite io wno : faASgoru ciples and gover inc th u lt Iunrdei , a2nc ment pra 7cD as eec ’ . , Wad mimeo tice’, M e, anRa ., , 1 9 In 81 st , itute of Development Studies, University of Sussex. Wade, R. g , e1m9e8n1t, ‘T 5 h . e information problem of South Indian irrigation canals’, Water Supply and South India a , a ‘ nEdmpS lo oyum th enKt, o w re aat ’ e , rpca ontrol and irri Employment Promotion (ARTEP), Int peerrnap ti roenpaalreLda ga fo ti ronthien st A itu si t a io nnsR : ecgainoanlali rr T ig eaatm io n fo in r Wad Uen , iRv . e , rs1i9 ty 81 obf , ‘ SCuls im se axt . e and irrigation institutions’, mim beoou , rIO ns ff tiic tu e, teBoafnD gk eovk el . opment Studies, Wad oef , R J. ., T fo oryteh , coPmuibnlg ic , ‘T Ehxepepnodliittu ic rse an adndecIonndo ia mni cs D o ev feIlnodpima’ esnsttaP te o a li cccyum 19 u 6 la 0 t -i 1o9n7p0o ', l ic Eyc : orneovm ie iwc Wad Dee , v R el . o , p1m9e8n2, tIarnrd ig C at u io lt nuraanldCA ha g n ri gceu . ltural Politics in South Korea, Boulder: Westview Press. Wad Set , udR ie . s , , 1V9o8l2 . a, 1 8 ‘ , T N he o . W 2. orld Bank and India’s irrigation reform’, Journal o f Development Wad Eec , o R no . m an ic daR nd . CPh ol aim tic baelrsW , e1e9k8l0y , ( ‘ BMoamnb ag ay in ), g V th oel. m 15 a , inNsoy . st3e9m , : Rceavn ie awlio rr figAag ti r o ic n u ’s l tu brle in . d spot’,

conomic Development and Cultural Change in South India, Manchester Heidenheimer, A 970, Political Corru

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Web Yeor, rkM : . B , e1d9m 68 in , s Eco Wertheim, W., 19 t6e3r , P nom ‘ rSeo ss . iinotleodgiicnalHeaisdpeench ts e im of e r, co1r9r7u0p . tion in Southeast Asia’, Sociologica

Wertheim, W., 19 y and Society: An Outline o f Interpretive Sociology, Vol. Ill, New Neerlandica, 1(2). Repr

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U an n d iv eDrrss it . y T , oTmexW as e ; is P sk ro ofpefs so arndA . V A ah . id W N al o te wrssh , ir Uvnainvier sh osf it yMo .I f . T B . ir Dmr in . g N ha omw ; -s p at ir io vnanai ss augp gests an additional objection to marginal-valuc-product-equali- an oi dntf -e oru ti tlp is u er tra ivate s, sfsouum ly op rpttoiosn ti ix smfiosr in a g policy: mont ghrsicbue lt fuore th sew in h a re the e ppr hraervoonper ia btoernreoswsso , ftpoob in ut-i est is sold. In this pynsp ee udt int T er heisst eriod Kavathe aorfti1c0 le -1 i5sp in er pcaernttboaf , Khandala Peta, in s e th Sdeovn alue of the loan can mount up. is a non-irrigated village (on 9a0tapreaoDbissetrrv ic att , ioM ns ahianraashM tr aah , aIrnadsihat . raKvaiv ll aatghee , r h to oupseerhmoiltdsdoouwbn le l -a cr nodp , painndgocnuls ti l v ig a h te dycoevnetrohfa la lf ntdh ) ebpu lo ttsh . aAslemnoosutgahllmhoeiasd tu sroefd in etfo ic ieeingchyt — or in naidneequpa lo ttes , . sSeoaisl qualit a y bout four acres each, split on average use. The population is about 80 o0n , ally c is poor because — des some o7n0cp en er tr caetn ed torfaM in afraa ll thla im pi ittesn fe i r tr ti olg is eenrp th r e im in afrlyuesn ch ce ooolf , c is asatemoin le tfhreom ag trh ic eun lt euarraelstecdoonco to my is c r, and s m ha a s ll . aTdhae il yvaisltle, though to Poo bu asge se hravs ic aeb an uitmhaalnv -h aus (t bharnedehe time orny our ly o t ff s i * cerrusn) fro om ut s et a t he monsoon season. Agricultural and advice or help. o distribute fertilis heeraadnqduairntoecrus la v t is eitcatthte le v — ill angoety to eagrilvye , of M ph yyr si ecsaelaracnhdinatK ti a tu v d at in hae, ldveasriigan ti eodntsoaim so o la ntgetchuelte iv ff aetcotros, n w farming efficiency S th ues se U x . . K Su . b Ministr as supported by of Politics an s d ta nEtc ia oly re osfeaO rc v h er a se s a si s s ta Dnecveelw opme nomics, P as gi nt and by the University of tioned is responsible for the voioenwas . eNxopn re essoefdt , hoevepnerb so yntshoerG in oskth it aulteioInnsstm itu en te 32AF. lAlp .O ag ., e r fe e r na c to h ,

e text are to T. W. Schultz, Transfo . 17. work in

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e1a9r6l1y , aps . 1186 39, o9T. Balogh, 6 E; co In n ver ia 5n5Cpe er nsu cent (R. Williams, The Long Revolutiony London, field experience of und rr d vl s , DDa ec ta . ). clusions of Dr. Balogh’s writin e g lo spoendpa1g9r6 ic 4 u , l p tu p r . e9c9o6u -l 9d99d . i ss F en ew tfrpoem rs otnhsew co it n h liisanacseeroinoums (if perhaps mi oor co arket mechanism sc s o , nncoet ived) ally untries; but the Schultzian model 10 T. W. Schultz, The Economic T at f ri v un s in orhimsasltircu io gugs le Cah ga ic in asgtobdlo in gdmrae ' . 11 N E. obRo . dyDeha as ever found such a curve. Th e ti e t; o mE a oTfhp es reodaurcgtu io m n' e s nt wsoarrken on n functions ot Malaw , sdpierceicftieedi tobacco farmers (North-Holland, 1966). considered in Section VIII belo d a li tkDerh . is H , otpopd er e ’ rsiveemsph ir aidcoawlwporrik ce . sTwhie ll ubsee 13 mIualm at igorna , teafnudlttooDPrr . ofM es a so crCW all aulm ter w s . fo rfofrorsm ho a w lis iinnggti hat this is the proper for enqout, aitn in ggetnheeraelx , peeqcu te iv dav le a n lu tetoofth th eemm or aergp in la aulsp ib rloedtoanned for showing that it is What must be equated are the additions to exp u ec ctteotfhamtoIne in y it in ia d value mad lelayc chose: fina ebhyutshee . 1154HS. . NHlp . e M nn aynn sp , e tin on el a hd f im or, and in each activity. Pakistan’, P ie l , itPy oo onfaM , aobno so uotn19R 50 a . infall in India and 16 T an hde se A . l im K i . taL ti eoanrsmw on ou th ld , pd p , Pt. IV, no. 2, 1949; O. H. K. Spate even more force to areas alm ly als , London, 1 ost to ootaorimdu fo crhcoufltC iv eantt io ra 9l67A , fr p ic . a 4 , 7 a . nd with k In is dto an n ) e . s ia T . hey would not apply to equatorial rainfore nst ( e r . egg . io in nsWseuscthPaas 1167Ap av a finding confi rog il raabm le m in in Lgofn rm do endSbcyhoMorlso . fSE . cDo as Gupta’s Ph. D. thesis (unpublished, but ‘efficient’ in th oerm se unlsaetitohnatthha ig t, onfoamn ic usmLb ib er raorfy ) p . os Ssh ib elsehcorwospbcyoamqbu in aadtriaotn ic s m far ix meedrsstarlam te ogsytam lw in aiymsacxhoaopsperothheerleoxwpeescttepdrop fi rto , fi ltow im es ptliv es arh ia ig n h ce erpvoa li rciya . ncAe, 18 iMn . W K . alD ec akvie , n oe r , yJo am f E aican Fis x mng a s the policy of Jamaican fishermen 19 Dr. Hopper, in an unpub in s hed pap rm f rs , t L he onIdnodn ia , n19 In 54 te , psi . aDr evelopment Pr nsive Agricultural inc oiudnedn ta D ll eylhsihouwsougarla ly m m ou e t , psehro fo wremdetdhartesteoapr -c dhecsitlae farmers in Indian villages the data in, for eexdam in ptleer , -d E e . ciH le eavd ar y i , a t nn s fi c o tp t u io tnpse . r a In cr ehf is aralnaa rg ly esrist , hahneb to u t ee U fo , o w Pr in en g ti hcyep -H ot a h ll, 1964, ch. 7. Dat esis is advanced he area : reth fa erlteososfdreavgem lo epnetda ry ana saygert i , 20 o cu ult tu See pnurtal community, ot ien1t9heabnoovrem . atlhyeegarr. eater is the inter-farm coefficient of variability of 21 iTnhteotwahloblue PPS analogy imp for conveni tenpceerfoefcd ex yptorsain ti sofn er l a ie bsl , e incorrectly, that each factor input is fixed either or both implications , faainldtao th mheooanrgu ld. gum se esn . ts Tahreeaenqaulaolg ly y r is e le uvsa ed ntmwehreer ly e 22 E te icth he nro lo ti g m ic ealpirmep fe rroevnecmee ( njtuss ) ti ofr ia b a le fi n b it yep th la ennuOinncgerhtoar in iz toynomfutshtebfeustpuerceifa ie ndd . icntfh in eirtwyiisse , a h owever fast returns-to onsumption ltoong th e ti m ba eregemnienriam te usma -s fcaam le ouasndpaurtaid li o ty x : diitma in lw is ahy , s th pea fact th now, so as to grow even faster ‘f yosrteove cu att 23 B bu a t lo ‘ gfho , r vc. er’ never comes. r’; 24 D. Narain, . act o f Price M ovements on Areas under Selected Crops in India ,

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NAo si rat , h -1 H9o 65 ll , a n es d p , . 1p9p6 . 6 , 1e5s8p -. 16p2p ; . E 74 . -7 Dean, Supply Response o f A frican F anners , 16 M Jo u . rn L ai l oo f hm ou l Ad s ia Rn e a Ss tu od n as b , le 19 F9a . rmers Respond to Price Changes?*, 26 6H4e -n 6 d . e H rs oopnpearn6 ’ dspQ ro udauncd ti t o , n nro c nn s , l. M cr G r aw are il1l, 96169 , 5p8 . , 6 p 15 p ) . aulnlafoafclteosrss than first degree — th ccounte adrefopra — id a th sem ir u M ch VaPss ey exhibit decreasing return to scale. Th , 1s9om pe ero ce fntthe in v a th lu eecaosfethoefg to ra ta m l . prIonduocutsiisfiwsow rd hsy , pro ther for the tfh ac e fi ‘ timmpalx ic iimtip sa ri t c io ens’ icsailn cu co la m te pdatb ib yleHw op it pherpraordeuacbtoevxehamuasr ti koent . pr Tih ce is s 27 P rb i a., tepc . o6t2o mm 1 rs ) . of production in Senapur, but below them for the products un of Food and A na r f ma n P ofessor riculture, Delhi, Schultz, relating to Punjab. 2, po . , : 8 , M Se in eia st l r so y 28 ‘Panorama’, B.B.G. Television, 1965.

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DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISITED

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n1i9s5h3e , swahneirmepiet rf is ecatrignudeedxfoufrm th oenrotphoaltyapohw ig ehrodrepgrro ee fi t o ab fic li o ty nciennt tratio tions. hese n c on fu dri T M he co . n S fo c. l lo d w eg in r g ee paastsaLgo es n d fr oonmUant trol in Northern Rhodesia in ihv esis submitted by Mr. B. G. Kavalsky for the life there. tehre si t1y94i0 ll ’ u s, stbreastiedetsheo th in eerfa fe scpte iv c e ts neosfsecoofnporm ic iec op ‘ e T ra hte io n ca soefporficMeucfoun li trraol. i n 1944 provid and immediately evaded thro T ug hheaco ch n a tr noglep es ri caenwians te s re est ti fnogrgerxaaimnpalnedomftehaelT fil h le edmwain th aggerm ai enntorthm en ea lingta ro v duced specia ilnc th uepsmeaansdurdeig sh iv eesn , twohciucsht om wh er esn . T co hleoumraarske th te eermsenaelxatnsd te p fi t w th as eetothceutco ro rr uencdtw pi eeicgehst, ofan ca drdebno fo arrcdedoftthheeirsaum se e . o to ftbheeam tin ugg . upWthheenbtohte to amus th oofrittmh ie e s as m co autgto sh s, naeed lf nosnomdwthoe th in i ches up fro en tsh , itshweamsasrtkoem te etrhseswbi ottom pped, the tychceudtndbootw or ic neeaatbhle tops grad ny e r . elT at h io eneftfoeuc ally tthoefoarlol ver a lon igtihniaslwsa iz setghapteirn iod, , and th1e94 so as not to be immediately earlier level. p5rincoenheaodfb th eeenmreeasstuorriendgtcouiptss of O sc tah le esr . m T an haegfeim gu ernetsso tr nietdhe si m sc i a la le rl ywteorecoqnutircoklly th e sc p pr ra ri tccehebdyo th uetiann tr dod th uec ti oolndsacca ic le e tua s s . lcsW ha h rged till eventua ellin egnp th ri ececoonftr2o /-ll elad ly lb ptrh . iacemneadofttf ter hieshrwwaass iver ssim et d a tl deed8bdy . a th e lb . braesak ag in a g in o st ftth he e c se ulslteo rs mesr im spw ly er elem ft otshteum nh aarpkpeytaanbdourteftuhseeds it tuoatoepperriacteeoaft6tdh . aat lb io pr . i , c e th . e T fi h sh e m fis ehntattoasltlo ’. p the controls as they would rather ha nvaenhdigahsekredprt ic heesm th aannagneo T su hbe je cptasisnagW es . a V re . B M re r l . sfK or adv , a C ls okpyp ’ esrtB ra e n lt scM ri aprtkeo ts f a longer discussion of this 5bMeeca au n s in egtfhuelsopceccu if p ic a quantitative estimates of this , pLou in sa tkaar , e1d9 if 4f7 ic , u p lt p . to2s2e -3 cu . re tthhe es emcaorukn , tr ciheisefw ly heo ti woinnagls to tatistics of mos re a sign i the incomple t poor countries are very wide of traders nevertheless do *trad f e ic , an attplreoap st orp ti toenoocfcu th peatp io enoapllesnpo ec ticall art-time or intermitten a is s a si t f io tly. ie ndianss This OuWcbc je est u ct ipAa fr tsioenxaal mined in P. T. Bauer and B. S. Yamey ‘Economic Progress and of trader ican T D ra idse tr , i C bu h t . io2n . ', H E ow conomic J s operating ever, it o w ur ansafl, ouDnedce in mb1e9r5019 th 5a1, ttahnednaulm so b e in r m wh eircchhawnatsfim rm osrewthhianinthtehrteoec ta mlnau rk m et bserofoEftahse te rrengN ul iagrerciuastw om as erasboouft 14,000, imports into Nigeria h . at the time handled about five-eights of ail com th meeericgihatl • T th hoeugdh is ti onfc te ti nonim be ptowre ta ennt an boitnhc re fo arseainnaldyesm is aannddanfd or apcoo li ncty ra , citsionnoitn supply, f re in le ed vatnota to ctohn is tr aacrtti icle. F directly 7 It should be clear fro omno th fesourpspilmypw lic it i h ty aonfu ex npcohsain ti goend , tdheem discussion is con or to rates of return on ca p co it natle . xt whether the reference is atnodp . rofit margins 8 T lo hciaslltyyppeuo bl fissihteuda ti roenpo is rtvs ividly described in certain official reports, especially tEhnequR ir eypo in rttoo th fethDe is C tr o ib mum ti i o . n E an xdam Pr pilceesso in fcE lu ss deentt ia he Report o f the Commission on and ssion of Enquiry into CloInm di p ti oorn te adlG Sa oloedss , , LAacgco ra s, , 11994483 ; ; 8 T Co h as t a , ls Loon th deonR , ep 1o9r4t8 of the Commission of Enquiry into Disturbances in the Gold spe ecs ia ellcyopnrso id m er oatte io dnts . oatphpelys ta m tu uschoflem ss ertcoha th n e ts tr baynstahcet io onpsero at fio lo ncaolf traders licensing, i.e. traders who would not normally import directly, and wihmopaorret

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aptatrrtaicctiepd at einitno it thb is y a th c e ti vailtlyo 10 Scattered information on th cbay ti th e le ovneeofolp ic eernac ti e on of licensing and enabled to India will be found in R. G. Ag lraowfaclo , n P tr ros ic l . e l ed Coann tr d ol sop in enInm di aar , k N et prices in 11995 63 6 . , and in B. R. Shenoy, Indian Planning and Economic Development, e w Bo Dmeblahyi, , We SsotmAefriincfaorimnatth io enlaotnec1o9n4 trolled There is also some sporadic i0n ’s foirsmpa re nsdenatc ed tu a in l prices o ation on this W su e b st jeA ct ffri co in can nsumer g th eTrraedpeo , ropo . d4s in ts me 3n7 . 11 T tio ar hnee ed o b ft e in footnote 8. selves. enneftihce ia reim es ploofye cond Where es oiftitohnealmsearlcehs, anatssirnadteheedrtohfaonth th eertm yp e e rc sho an ftesvtahse io m n , a la rteioann , atlhoegiorupsostih ti e o beneficiaries are employees belonging to the local popu 12 There are cer ta to in th nousnedoefrt price control and their interest in its maintenance control; they are c favoured heg ro lo ucpaslio ntermediaries. onsidered in sectio f n co VnIs . umers who benefit from price 13 T or h e tr saedm er asyweh it ohedrobneoitnndo iv r iduals who are not usually engaged in trade at all, eAif th ri ecraiinndtihve id u1a 94 ll 0 y * soarnidn5m0’ a s ll s y ch doeoa lb l o in ysthoifstepnaa rt citceudlaarscaodm modity. In West to have occurred in som semoatlhlegrrouunpdse . rd T ev heelosp am ed ecpohuennto ri m ho ecnionntes rm ee e m diaries kistan. es, including saP ls a o 14 W pe e rf eacrte ly cionnesliadse ti ring he supplies are obta cinbaebyloen re d C th aesequAa , ntth it aytailsr , at higher prices (C e a in dsytainm ce pso in ase B) rte d w . hi W ch the supply is certainly be raised. This is considered later in th itsheseocp ti eonn . ma hreknetapdrd ic it eiownialll 15 wTihnids fa nle ls g le hcatvseanbyeesna ti tsrfaan ction they may get from the knowledge that some 14 T fr hoimsm th ig ehtotpoesroam tio enexo te fnltiscfoeu rr netde ra fr cotm th efoardev ig a ners to compatriots. restrictive licensing on t censing. However, ntth ag e es mteorceh st aanbtlsi sh read re m ly erocphpaonstes 17 M the aneyssbeono ti kas ls aonfd th re is potrytpshciosua ld ccboeunqtu . oted showing the failure to understand ppraenscsyurbeeo tw enem en ertchheanotpsefnormoafrskie tu t ation, esp additio annadlstuhpepceocnitarlo ly ll etd he lies which pmrri easo ackeessnasn for the dis co dnd th it e io rneaslu lt cirneg roerpootrh ts e r types of evasion practically unavoidable. Locally published off siaclieasl 13 T fo hoetndoitsea8 re apbaorv ticu turbances e in alraer ly the exGarm ev pelaels ing on these points; the reports listed in riots in which more than tw o e ld ntCyo . pae st in 1948 which culminat with such a situation. ople lost their lives were cl eodseilnyc th oennA ec ctcerdaiItn ie spro in f c th ip elel , i m si i m te i d la sruepfp fe li cetsscoarnthbee secured by the auctioning by the author dbiyt io th nesaoufthmoa ri n ti yesu , nfd or eredxeavm el polpeeadnclo ic uenntc ri eess to th iimsm po aryt. h H av oewe re vseurl , tsinun th deesc ir oend the import trade. increase in the degree of concentration in 20 e State trading is, of course, no novelty. The discussion is intended only to 21 Sdx ea am l ine its merits an uch inpgurw ch it ahsecsec rt oauilnddspdeecfie fi cetdscporm ob pla em red to the other principal methods of if this were thought , doefsicroaub rse s. le. , also be subsidized out of general revenue

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chapter |20 pages

Sin glebarr ie r T heor ie s of Dev el o pm en t

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IMPLICATIONS FOR PLANNING

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INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

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3 . . ETvh income aeesn se fodr im co en usnito an ri nessaarteadh is icguhss le evdeilnoMfdresvB el aosp te m r’ esnitnitn ro adnuycs ti eonns . e, the use of national tha 5 t . tIhneaennv in ir ionndm ic ean to ta rlicsobsetisnagrweiidgenloyrcehda . llenged, e.g. by Mishan [1967], on the grounds ( dtehvoeulg opment tpeo re t stin h it is misl een ad ti iagl paper Divatia and ng , ly badseesdcroin be fdun as daammeBnh ta alttf [ a1c9t6o9r ] ipnuptutfsorsw uc a easure of the ‘pace o h rd a different index of ments in such an index could foreshadow what the future pac fedeavselcoappm ita elnta ’) n . dMsokv il e ls ciinnocdureledxasbeet . w T ic heeaisnd fa esxtfaosr India, fo r example, is encouraging becau soefietcsohnoowmsicag ra ro te w o th f gro 6 w . tThhp is otuesnetio al f w th il elbnet at rhee io leraesaeldn nal in , alteito com a nal iel one nctohm at e d . eBvuetl , oopfmceonutrw se, it does not follow that fact the great spurt forward in nationa hlaidncboem en e s developed by il Clo ta l k in e C pl laacrek . [1937], In d al utee rn la artg iv e e ly wtaor ti t m he epuonle ic m ie psl . oyment problem, altho ta u ti gsh ti caslsiontthoet1h9e30nseeadndto19q4u0asnw tif ays suc 7 h . b In ia saedsda it rieonp , aritni direct taxes of various kinds on luxuries are relatively heavy, so ass 8 u . mFeor ( eesxpaem cia pllley , is cualajroluyrsneevyerteowwhoernkm re arket prices are used as weights. issues are now being a p jo o u se rn deiyno in nduastm ria eltrcoopao ll l y it aannuenndderpgrrooduuncdt, as national estimators a untries by the failure roafilnwaaty io ! n )? alA in dcdoim tio entaol in ll o9tw . hfaEtvosr th eerny se e . costs of environmental destruction, i.e. to be a sufficiently ‘net’ concept food consu msop ti oofn te , nwah ic rehseoafrccohuerrse tr ise im spto ly dmraew an csornecvleuasliionngsthaebo im utpltirceantd io snisnopfearsscuam pi p ta t E io v1ne0s ry and i . n ma cTlhdueerebiysaon ff iucp ia wlsatradti ded in the nationa b st iiacsiaanssw . ell. The share of output covered by official statistics, o co fvoeu re tp dubtypaosfsfe ic siatlhrso ta utg is h th l e in choam nd e s , toefndosrgtaonriizseed , pbaurstilnyeb ss e , cawuh se ic ahg is romwo in re g proportion data collection. tics, but also partly because of the general impr oavdeem qu en at t el iyn Di 1 st 1 r . Th 12. ibVua ti eUro io nuo .N sfI . nc S o ta m ti e s , tical Offic poverty li n Expenditu e r ’s e a ‘A nd CWoemap lt lhe ’ m is enataursye fu sy lsstteam rt in ogf -p Sotian ti t s . tics of the are 13d . isSceuesspeadpbey rs FboynA se bceale [ s19 in 70 I ] n , dia, where there has been much work on this question, -Smith, Bagley, Rei Yo1r4k . , T le haidsinpg ro hbilm em to wda is stifn ir gsut is re hcboegtnw iz eeedn by nRaonwdnT tr oewen [1 se 9 n 01 d ] in in Thoiwsncs la esnsd ic [ 1e9n7q0u ], iry in r in ef e fa rr citnagtttaoin th iet. poverty of those who coul ‘ dpraifm fo arrdy ’ thaendnu ‘s t e ri cto io nndaalrym ’ ipno im ve urm ty — bu th tedo la n tt oetr [ b1y9175a0 . ], Sdw ee, ist h in ic ho ghuiswheo ve she wdrt , haatnev in e te group onf rest u ec si o n in nggomthpieas ir otssam to eftc art hre it e ic Prli es by Minhas [1970] and Bardhan cslouusricoenss can be reached on trends in the propo lraonnno in fgpoM ve is r s ty io ( n o ) nveeprryopdo if sfe er den in t1c9o6n2 c th hraonuggehsaunsd in dgifd fe if rfeenrten in t te sources of consumption dta io ta n , sdliyfifneg re nbtelaolw lo w th aencp es ovfeorrtypr li incee val 1e6n . ceSeovfep ra olve in r d ty iciantoarsnacrapnolbae ti ocnom pr boicneeddutro es . give us an indicative profile of the pre m pr eondtuhhcaeasdsba een experimenti t n io gnw , s it uhch in aGse th n e ev U a. . N In . fRaecstetahrecyhhIanvse ti ttu ak te e n fo arsStoecpiaflurD th eevrelaonpd wISneesvtsiehtruoatluel ’ dsnin te vnetsa ti t g iv a e ti o ‘d nesvo el fom pm ul etn ip tliend as ic saotcoira ’ t , ioa weighted average of various series. The against it) oofttfraelaltiinntgotthhiestirnadpic (a a s to wreacso ‘ unlodr , a ns are inter ma lt t h iv oeu ’ g . hItthse im Ien st sitn it gutaen ’s d worth while, but which a country has advanced along a path indicated by data plfy ro mmecao su D re ir sec th to erewxa te r n ns t u to s sta 1 te 7 s . oSfeepIr . oLg . r O es . s [ ; 1 9 se 7e0U untries at different de ], TNhReIpSoD in t [ 1 is 96m9a ], de there that the measurement of unemployment as paen ca dussveeroyfm pe urcshonoanltfh ru esd tr im at e io n n sion of the problem that concerns one—unemployment exp 1r8e . ss T ly hel im Pa it reedtotocm oe e ff aiscu ie ri nnt, godn , low income or loss of output. istr th ib euto io th nearmhoanngd , hiw gh h e ic rhinlcoonmgesh . ad its advocates, is

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h 19. CaosntToo draw the conclusio sum as pstu io mneo th f a su tcEhnlguexlucrun rv e th saatre th neoinn -come distributions should be changed, one 20. See I.L.O. [1970] for iaesdiissczuesrsoioonveor li naecaor, nsbiudtertahb is le s e in ecmosmneortatnogen . eed specifying. o th feinrceo la m ti eonw it bhetfw ul eleenmipnlcooymmeendt. isUf the compatibility of a high concentration important effects via the compositi t o ri nfor nbuotfi tuna . ocno , ntsealvyi sump n mo tgiso st a n th den. ogrreotw ica th l , teixgtnsoc ri onngcetnhte ra tmeoorne pre 2s1t . igTe. hough, of course, these imply inequalities of other types, even if only of social 2223 . . ISeheavSeeedresa [ l1t9w 71 i ] th a n th desJeolilsysuaensdelSseeew rs h e [ r1e97 [ 0 S ] e . ers, 1971]. for 24a . comp apA ri lctehodueg fl h risons, aant this problem ta dor, thw is haitsweextarreekaecs the mely tu ahlaly form rd dow in of fhgenisio nd pr b i ic tnag in ite st n h ru gep ri r g ctu irchetw ex e p ig ehntdsitfuorreqw ua ei ngth it tyso ab foavec ) o . u A nt nraylo ( gdou us difficulties arise whenever comparisons are emsavdaerybes tw oem en u c re hgi ( osn ee s much less severel e y . to geographical variations in prices and consumption patterns) but BRaErFdE Ind h R ia annE , NC EPcrEoannSoambicKR . e , v 1 ie 9 w 70 , , V ‘ oOln . 5 t , hAepM ril i . nimum Level of Living and the Rural Poor’, D Cl iavrak ti , a C , o V li . n V , 1 ., 93a7n , dNB at h io a n tt a , l V In . co V m ., e1a9n6d9 , O ‘ u O tl nayM , Leoan su dro in n g : M th aecm Pa illan. Fo Q ns ueacrat , erA ly . RJe . v , ie 1w9 , 70B , an ‘T co heNnaeze ionale del Lavoro, No. 89, June. ce of Development’, B re opm ri bna te y d . from Wage Policy an d d -b W as aegdeW Di asg tr eibiunt io Innd in ia I : nd A ia C , B om om pu btaeyr : izU ed niEvsetrism ity at e o ’ f , I J . a L ff . e O , . A , 1 . 9J7 . 0 , , 1T9o6w9, a r ‘N ds Full Employment, Geneva: International Labour Office. nRaetliaotn io anlA to ss oPcoipau ti la ottieosnoanndFaEm co il nyoIm nc ic omCehaD ng is etsr ’ ib ; upta io pner in Developing Countries in Estadis on for Research in Income and Wealth, gAiu ve gnusat; ttmoebee ti pnugbo li fshIend te irn Jol A ly f , r ic Raic ti hcaar , d In Pu , te 1r9 -6 A9m , P er liacnanninSgt at E is dtu ic caaltiIonnstfio tu rteA , f N ri o c . an1 04 D . evelopment, Nariobi: East Jol P ly ro , c R es isc ’ h , abrld is , h a in ngdHSoeuesres, . Dudley, 1970, ‘The Brain Dra published pirnocE ee . d A in . gsGo . f R th oebiInnstoen rn a (e ti d o . n ), a ] ThEecoG no ap miBceA tw seseo in ci a a ti nodntChoenfD er eevnec lo eptmoebnet Ku Czonuen ts t , riS es i , mLoonn , d1o9n6 : 6 , MMao cm de irln la n E . n the Rich and the Poor No. 7, conomic Growth, Studies in Comparative Economics Ku Sztn ru e c ts tu , NSeiw Haven: Yale University Press. Lydall, Hraer , omCoanm , b 1 ri 9d7g1e , Econom ld, 1968, Th , eMSa tr sus. c : tuB ic elG kn ro ap wth of Nations: Total Output and Production Minhas, B.S., 1970, ‘Rural Pov re o f Ea . rning Economic Review, Vol. 5, April e . rty, Land Re s d , i O st x ri fbou rd ti : oCnlaan re dndDoenvP el roep ss m . ent’, Indian PMaiVtse han, o l, l . S7uE rr . eJn . d , r1a9 , 6179 , 6T4h , e ‘ TChoestEscoof Economic Growth, L 4, March. nomic Distance Betw oen en doNna : t S io ta npsl ’, esEP co re nsosm . ic Journal, SRaomwenttzr , eAe, . B W . . S , e1e9b6o8h , m ‘P , r o 19 d0u1c , t Poverty: A Study o f Town Life, London: Macmillan. aGnrdowMteha ’ siunrE em . S en htesl , d N on e w an YdoW ion of G rk . : B R . uMoooodrsea (e nddsS ssell Sage .) e , rIvnidcie Found csaa : The Measu ti to orns . o f Socia re l m Ch eanntgoef : E C co onno ce mpitcs Sc C rim am sh barw id , gNe, . M S. a , sasn .: dMG . o I. rTd . onP , reJs . s . E. (ed.), 1968, Malnutrition, Learning and Behaviour, Se A ers, Du Stew fr aircta , adn le dyt , he19W 71 o , r ‘ lTd, hLe Transmission of Inequality’ in Robert K. A. Gardiner (ed.), Objecti Fvreasn ’ ciensR , aonndalSdtrR ee otnedn, oPn: auOl, x 1 fo 9r7d1 , University Press. obinson and Pet e ‘C rJoonh fl n ic sttson be ( tewdese .) n , POruotsppu ec ttasn fo drEEmmppllooyymmeenntt

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To Owpnp se o n rt d u , n P it e ies in the N UNRISD, 196 t9e , r R ( eesde . a ), ric1h9n7e0 te , eTnhSeeC ve onntcieeps, tLoofPnodvoenr : tyH , eLroM nd a o je n s : tyH ’s eiSnteam tio an n n ery Office. for Social Development N . otes No. 2, July, Geneva: United Nations Resear . ch Institute

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um d et y ed e

becau

chapter |13 pages

SOCIOLOGY OF DEVELOPMENT! A SCHEMATIC OUTLINE

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no 1t2r . e p ‘M res oednetran ti i v ty e , e m nt u ai sltsadbeomvoecarlalcbye , and 13. This may reflect as much on tehge al i d ta ermi ocracy in the new states, even where it is Seers, 1970, makes some telling points abcohuatraantc * hteeSrnhao il f s , t h 1962, pp. 9 ture eof ta trhgeetcsona /1 s0o . n anything else. ind 1i4c . atJoursstohfoew conomic ventional statistical expression in th neoim de in aalgr th oiwst ‘ h s . ocialism’ c Cook and William At stwoofoSden ( gSheonrghaonrd , oKuelndybaettiasb in ydiA ca m te e d ri cbaynthaemabpapsrseacdioarts io nMoef rc i e ts r P be o r li c1i9e6s2o , frD ep erveesleonptm ed e n th teanedarA ly frn ic aadn Appr 1o9a6c4h ; es A ttwood, 1967). The ‘Colloquium on ‘The distinction, always somewhat a ir rto if f ic tihailsb ‘ e id tw eo to lo Sgoyc ’. iaJle is amn ’ Lhaec ld o u in tu D re akoabrse in rv D ed ec tehm at cAhfarlilceangneodwth se eenmesceaslsti ogether obsolete.. . . What een “revolutionary” and “reformist” and Saul, 1968, p. 158 ty ; soefecaallslo in Zgoulpbo er ngf , o1r9e6 ig 4 n . ai d is aenvden in m ve osrtemsetn ri t k ’. i Q ng u o is tetdha in tnAorb ri ogdhyi Fra 1n5. k , F1o9r6o7, bspe . r2v4atfifo . ns on the use of this and other Parsonian pattern variables, see Re 1 196 c6e . ntSe th e, e o in r ter alia, the monographs of Epstein, 1962; Hill, 1963; Belshaw, 1964. 17 5 . ; N Th a e sh n , o1e9 ti 6c6a . l essays relating to modernization by anthropologists are Belshaw, tion of typolo tgiioensooffdm if ofdee re rn nt i z ‘ irnogutEels it ’ etso — m th oidseirsniiltlyu is m ization in Lamb, 1952; and, notably, Kerr et al, 196 s 4 tr . ate o d st w cl i e th arrleyfe se re enncienttoheincdounssttrriuacl s1t9 it 6u0t ; edShailms, a1j9o6r5a ; n A alytical tool in the political modern T iz yap ti oolnogliie te sro at furreeg — im seesehCaovleem co ann , nes 1s8 ’ . wDiitfhfienretnh ti ealpercpotneorm , 1 ic 96a3nbd , 1 e-1914 Europ fei9n6a7n . an ceicaolnm om ec yhaanrie sm asna related 1962. Barrington Moore, Jr., 1967, is an o lysed b to y ‘d Geegrrsecehseonfkb ro a n ck , w 19 a 5 rd 2 , dwehvieclhodpem se ernvt. es to have a major influence in u ‘b trsitnagnidnigngbaw ck id hei -s rtaonrgy* in igntcoom th peasroac ti ivoe lo sgtyudoyf tio 1n9o . fRwoh st aotw is , ‘ 1p9a6t7h , o p lo p g . ic 1a6l2 ’ / s4t ; emAsnd fr r o es mkit , h1e9i6d8 io , saylc th ra otu ic gahnidnh th ig ihslcy ase th of the author rather than from the dictates of an explicit model of i m ra osd ci eblcehpaerrascpteec ri t z iv a e in 2a0 . fa Qsu ci ontaetdinignW his otrosrliecya , l1s9u6r4v , epy . o5f2 ; e K th ineorcneannt , ri1c96a9t , tip tu ro d v es id , es a w ernization. unnervingly familiar. many e o al fthwohficrhe fe rreem nc a e in s 19 2619. . Quoted by Gough, 1969, p. 144. See also Africa Research Group, 1969; Chomsky, mi 2 li 2 t . a te Sseeag th ai ens excellent resume by L for example, exp trtehseserdata io re naac le ti o on faangyaisuok ci easl , sc1i9e6n8c . e . TThh is e ‘ tsyo pe of reductionism, of course, century thought. nst the analytical indi cviiodluoagliissmm ’ ooffm Em uc il henD in u e rk te heenitmh-, 2243 . . FMooroare theoretical discussion, see Gouldner, 1959. iisndw us it t h ri ianl iz fu ati , o1n9 , 6i3s ; reBaeln nctionalism l . ydiax, 19 Becn ri d ti 6c3w , 1 it 9h6i7nbm . M od oeor re ix is a historic nai , lza th ti e o and n fore c th oemmoop ry st a , raAsm , s e ative ary ican sociologist of Weberia s , ocR io olboegritstMienr to th n e , od 2o5 lo . gSyene , t r in adition. , Aro tne , r1a9 li 6a8 , ; S F hils and Finch, 1949; 26. Parsons, 1968, pp r . e6u0n1d /1 , 0 1 — 96 ’ 8 T ; hPeaIrdseoanlsT , a n 19 d68 fo . r interpretations of Weber’s meth Parsons’ crit ype and Generalized Analytical Theory. lev 2e7l . oIfnadbussttriacc is t m io n o . f Weber is that the latter was too hesitant to go beyond a certain However, the r r ia elihzaastiboene , noafrceoaucr ti soen , amgaay in sbtethtehe te ncd ru ecnicaylm indus to eocvhearneim sm ph a in si zmetahney ro ca le seosf . p. 2181 . tr S ialization—see, for example, Nettl and Ro 0 ff m . elser, 1963; and the comments on the dbiefrftesroenn , ti1a9 ti 6o8n , pmpo . d3e8l /4 b2y . Nettl, 1967, Lo 2c9k . wTohoids , t1e9n5d6e ; n M cy ili ls n , t1h9e59w , C or h k . 2 o ; fvPa arsons has been criticized by, among others, 30. Some ‘modernizers themselves hnavdeenuB se e d rg h th e i , s 19 a 6 rg 7 u , m Ch e . nt11b . ut looking to the

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So 3v1 ie . tFUonriaonca ra utth io enratrhyan st a to te m th eenWtoen st — Jap fo arne , x s ample, Nkrumah, 1963, pp. 166/7. Ba 3r2 ra . c W lou o g rs h l , ey1 , 96179 . 64, p. 10 and Ch. 1 passim; seeeeDao ls roe , th1e96e4x . cellent historical survey by 195 323 . . Balandier, 1963, Ch. 1—‘La Notion de “Situation” Coloniale’; also Balandier, tha 3t4a . cIrtoh ss asthbeeeAntl said and methods of aahnitsitct , haantd intellectually th orical s th oicsio is lo evident e distance across the Channel is greater than comments on the former by Sartre, gy1 . 96S4e , eiLnetfheebdvirfef , er1e9n5t3 ia ; l G co o n ld c m er a n with the meaning Balandier with reference to his formulation popf . th 5e1 / c2o . lo Lneifaelbv si rteuaatn io dnSnan rt , re19a6r9e ; cain te d d th by etboytatlhossoecicaolnpvheenn ti oom na eln ly o n re . g A ar m de odngasra so re cisotlaotgeim st esnitns as a historical and discipline, are Mills, 1959, Ch. 8; Barrington Moor tohneA be nhgallof -A of maerh ic is atnorcio ca nlcespotciooflo th gy e Ma 3l5i . noSw ee s k Rhodes, 1968; Frank, 1969; Stavenhagen, e1J9r6 . 7 , ; 1a9l6 so 3. the interesting critique of cou 36 rs . e ‘ , Itnheai’sTm co e l he Dto ro n p ia o l ynamics of Culture Change by Gluckman, 1947. have to take accoun li sttaan te s , otchieo -s poou li rtc ic eaolfs the social po t of this system’ Kils yosnt , e m; and an sition of its power holders is, of 37. Fanon, 1967, p. 120 and passim. See, 1i9n6t3e , rpa . l i 42 y8c . omprehensive analysis would his 3t8o . riS ca eleetvhiedepnecre ti n R en htocdoems, m1e 968; F a, for part of the wi nts in raanfko , rt1h9c6o9m ; i B ng ar p ra ie tcteBb ro ywHna , m 19 z7a0A ; l A av rri dge range of 39. Barrington Moore Jr., 1967; and the reference to his work in Nettl, i , 11h9i7 , 969 0 1970. , . p. 28. A Fi E Camb R rid s e a , rcMh as G s. roup, 1969, African Studies in America: the Extended Family, Ha Ambzdae Ala Gabriel l-AM . avliek (f o (e r d th .) c , oUmA in rgm ), t e ‘The Army and Bureaucracy in Pakistan Politics’, in A. Politics’, in Almond, 1960, ‘I ndtarnosdluacN tio a n ti : ona , PFau ri nsc . tional Approach to Comparative Ga Abrre ie als , A P . riAnlmAo lm ceto nd onadndanJdamCeosleSm . aCno . leman (eds.), 1960, The Politics of the Developing C. CAhrannogledaA nd nd M ers n o , n N , .J. od 1963, ‘The Impact of the Educational System on Technological Sta is n a is ti loanv , ALnodnrdeosnk . i, e1r9n6i8z , a T ti hoen ’ A , firn ic H an osPerle it dzicaanmdeM nt. oAorSe. tudy in the Pathology of Modern Da Pvo id li ti E cs . ’, A in ptEecr, ks1 te 9i6n3aa , ndInA tr potde uction to Part IX, ‘Non-Western Government and Da O vi lddSEo . c A ie p ti teesr , an1d96N3ebw , ‘ SPtoaltie ti s c . aTlr . Religion David E. Apter, 1967, The Politic hseoQfM ue osdtfo in rtM he odNeerw ni t States’, in C ernization (pa ypienrbAasc ia kaenddliA ff f o ri rcdaG , N ee erw tz Y (e ition), Chicago. odr . k ) . , RRaayymmoon nd Londo nAA ro rno , n 1 , 916986 , 4 M , Tah in e C In u d rr u . esn tr ts ia ilnSSoocciieotlyog (E ic nagllT is hhou tr gahnts , lVao ti l o . n II ) , ( ELnognld is ohnt . ranslation), G . l et A ar rirain gh iz i, V 19 o7l. 6, Nao ti 1o9n70o , f t ‘L he abAofu ri rcaSnupPpelaiseasnitn ry H in isR to hro ic daelsiPa’ e , rJsopuercn ti avleo : fDaeSvteu lo dpymo en fttShteudP ie rso , Gi A ovanni . 3. frica’, A Jo r u ri rgnhailaonfdMJoodhen rn S A . fr Siacualn , S1t9u6d8i , e s ‘S , V oc oila . li6s , mNaon . d 2 . Economic Development in GWe ill Ionrig am es A B ttwood, 1967, The Reds and the Blacks, London. Geor t g er ensaB tio al naanudx ier, 1952, ‘Contribution k une Sociologie de la Dependance’, Cahiers Geoffrey Baalrar ndie d r, e1S9o6c3 io , lSoogc ie io , l V og oil. 12. Michael Barra atctloBurgohw , n 1 , 916977 , 0 A , nAIfn te tr eodAucc tu ti eoln le todeCVoA nt ferm iq puoeraNroyirHei ( s r to ev ry is , eHdaerdm it o io nnd ) s , wPoarrtihs. . C Cy hrriilstS ia . nBB el ay, 1969, ‘The Cheerful rSIcm ie pnecre ia o li fsm (revised edition), London. shaw, 1964, Under the Ivi Tree. Soc D ie itsymaanldPE ol cio ti ncos’ m , iicnGRrooswztahk . in Rural Fiji,

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Cy L N ri oln .J. S d . oBne . lshaw, 1965, Traditional Exchange and Modern Markets, Englewood Cliffs Re S in tu hda ie rd s* , B A en mdeirxi , ca1n96S3o , Reinhard Bendix, 1967 cai ‘ o C lo o g ncepts and Generalizations in Comparative Sociological Studies in Society and H , ical Review, Vol. 28, No. 4. ist ‘ oTrrya , d V it o io l. n 9 , a N nd Modernity Reconsidered’, Comparative Re B in u h rn ar sdanBdenJd . iBx, . S1a9u6l7b (e , d ‘ s T .) h , eSoCco ia mlpTahreao ti rvoe . 3 A . nalysis of Historical Change’, in Tom FNroeadm er i C ck hoCm la sikrym , o1n9t6e9 , , 1A9 merican Power and y a th nd Economic Change, London. Disintegration o f an Ide 6a0 , , BEocm on boamy. ic Liberalis emNa ew nd MUannddearrdienvse , lo Hpam rm en o t. nSdtsuwdo ie rsthi . n the Jam in eAsS lm . C on o d le amnadn , C1o9 le 6m0, a ‘ n C . onclusion: The Political Systems of the Developing Areas, Isa ( ac Ron ed s D .), euTthsechSeorc , ia 19 li 6s9t , R ‘Roots of Bureaucracy, in Ralph Miliband and John Saville Jo aulrdnaPl . ofDSoorce io , lo 1g9y6 , 4 V , e g ‘J is atp er a , n 7 ol. 9a6s9 , aLoMnoddoenl . of Economic Development’, European Ro ti noan ld ’, P In . s D ti o tu rtee , o1f96D9e , v ‘O el noptmh5. e Possibility and Desirability of a Theory of Moderniza H S. a N rr . yEE is ceknss te ta in dta , nd D ent Stud 1966, avM id odEe . Apter (ed ie s s .) , Communications Series, No. 38. T. Scarlett Epstein, 1962, Ec ronn iz oam ti iocn : DPervo , te 1s9t6a3n , dCC om ha pnagrea , tiE ve ngPloelw iti ocosd , NCe li w ff s Y , N or . k J . Manchester. elopment and Social Change in South I . ndia, A Fr rannotlzdFSa . nFoenl , d m 19 a6n7 , aTnhde Wretched Convergence and Dif f W ere il nbte ia rttioEn . * oMftohoerEe, ar1t9h6 ( 2 E , n ‘I gnld is uhsttrra ia nls iz la attiioonn ) , Harmondsworth. Sociology, Vol. II, Washington. , in Transactions of the Fifth W an o d rl d In dCuosntg ri raelsissmo . f An Rdervei ew G , u V nd ol e . r 18 F , r N an o k . , 4 . 1966, ‘The Development of Underdevelopment’, Monthly An SdorceioG lo ugnyd ’, eCraFtraa ly nskt , ( U 1967, ‘Sociol Andre Gunder Frank, 1n9 iv 6e9r , si C ty a o pi ftoBguyf fa of Development and Underdevelopment of Historical Studies of Chile and Braz al lo), il i s ( m re vi asn ed dNoU . 3. edi n ti doen rd ), e velopment in Latin America. JCualr ie lnJ . Freund, 1968, The Sociology of Max Weber (Englis Nhetw ra nYso la rk ti . on), London. Ce R ls oobeF rt riK ed . r M ich, 1952, ‘Some Observations on We Furtado, e rt 1o9n64e , taDl ( eevdes lo .) p , mReenatdearn in dBU ur nedaeurcdrbaecry ’ , s Analysis of Bureaucracy’, in Berkeley, California. evelo pTmoe ro nnt to (E . nglish translation), Al H ex oasned li e tz r . Gerschenkron, 1952, ‘Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective*, in Al A ex naan ly dseirs ’, GienrsScehceonnkdro In n t , er1n9a6t2 io , n ‘ aTlyC po olnofg er yenocfeIonfdEucso tr nio al miDceH ve is ltooprmy: e A nt ix -a esn -a PrToov ol of M V ax olG . lIuI, ckTm he a H ence, Vol. 17. n, a1g9u4e9 . , ‘Malinowski’s “Functional” Analysis of Social Change’, Africa, Lu L ci oenndoGno . ldman, 1969, The Human Sciences and Philosophy (English translation), AKlavtihnl ee Llew W n Go ell . ynGGo ug ul h d , n1e 969, ‘Worl ross ( r e , d . 1 ), 95S9y , m ‘ dReRc evolution and the Science of Man’, in Roszak. Jamil Hilal, 1970, ‘Sociology paon si d u ip mroocni ty S oc ainod lo g A ic uatloT no he moy ry , inNeFwunYco ti rokn . al Theory’, in and Institutions, University of DuUrnhdaem rd ( e m ve im lo epom ). ent’, Department of Social Theory Po L ll oynHdio ll n , . 1963, Migrant Cocoa-Farmers of Southern Ghana. A Study in Rural Capitalism, BBeerrttF. Hoseli Tec F h . noHloosge ic li ttzz , ( e1d9 . 6 ), 3 , 1 9 ‘M 52 a , iTnhCeoPn ro ce g p ress of Underdeveloped Areas, Chicago. Bert F. Hosel a it lzCahnadngWe’, ilibne Hoselitz atnsdinM the Analysis of the Social Implications of rt E. Moore (e odosr .) e , . 1963, Industrialization and Society,

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Pa Mlaarrtk ri s K . in e K rr il seotna , l , 11996634 , , I ‘ nAdfu ri s c tr aina li P sm ol and Industrial Man, New York. V. JoGu . rnKaileo rn faMno , d1e9 rn 69 A , f T ri hceanLoSr tu dds ie osf , itV ic oall . 1 C , hNao ng . e 4 . and the Modernization Process’, Ro W be orrtldKi . n L the Impe Human Kind. European Attitudes to the Outside Ho amb, 19 r5i2a , l ‘ APgoe li , tiLco al n E do li n te . s and the Process of Economic Development’, in He Snorcise io L li letofze . bvre, 19 Daniel Le g m ie e , r V , o1l9 . 61533 . , ‘Perspectives de la Sociologie Rurale’, Cahiers Internationaux de (pape 4, The Passing of Traditional Society. Modernizing the Middle East DDaanviiedlL rb earcnkere , d 1 iti Lockwoo 9d6o7n), Toronto , 1 , ‘Comparat . i Sociology, Vol. 7, N 95 o 6 . , 2 ‘Some R ve emAanrak ly sso is n o “ fTPh ro ecS es osceisaloSfyM st o em de ” r n ’, isBartiito is n h ’ , JionuM rn ianleor. f Ste Svoecn io L lo ugkye , s V , o1l9 . 6189 , , ‘ NMoe . th . odological Individualism Reconsidered’, British Journal of Ha N rr eywMYaogrdko . ff, 1969, Th e 2 . Age o f Imperialism. The Economics of U.S. Foreign Policy, Al AiAT . r M ad a it zirouni , o1f9A 68 n , a ‘ l F ys ro is m ’, W So ocriladlPDoalr it w ic isn , isVmol. to21C , u N rr o e . n1t . Theories of Modernization. Da Hvo id s C. McC David e C li . tzM an cdClM lelland, 1963, ‘The Achievement Motive in Economic Growth’, in Etzioni and EevlaloaoEnrtdez , . io1n9i6 ( 4 e , d ‘ s B .) u , s S in oecs ia slDCrhiavne and National Achievement’, in Amitai C H . o W rac r e ig M ht i M ne irll ( s e , d 1 .) 9 , 591 , The Sociological imagin gae, tiN on e , wNY ew orYk. ork. Ba V rr iidnig ch to ( nedMs. o ), o S re o , c J io r. 967, The City in Modern Africa, London. Barrington Moore, Jr l , og1y96o3n , T ‘S ri t a ra l, teE gy in So . 1967, The So nglewoo cial Science’, in Maurice Stein and Arthur and Peasant in the Making of the Mco ia dleO rn riWgd in sClo if ffsD , i N ct . aJt . orship and Democracy. Lord Wi Ilnbt ert E. Moore, 1963, ‘Introduction: Soc o ia rlldC , L ha onngdeona . nd Comparative Studies’, M L an anteirnnA at m io enra ic laS . ocial Science Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, The Sociology of Development in J. P. NientgtlN , 1a9s6h7 , , 1P9o6l6 it , icParliM mi o ti bvie li zaantd io Pne . aAsaSnotcE io cloongo ic mailcASnyas ly te s m is s o , fSM an e th F o ran Londo ds cain sc doC . oncepts, J. P P. olN it e ic tstnl , . an1d 96 C 9, h a ‘S ntgreatieng ies in the Study of Political Development’, in Colin Leys (ed.), J. oPf . SNoectiteltiaens. dTR he olFaonrdRD mat o ev io be erltospo in n g , Countries, London. Robert A. Nisbet, 1968, Soc niaolfCNhaa ti 1o9n6a8l , G In otaelrsnaan ti donAatlt it Suydse te s m , Lsoan nd the Modernization Development, New York. nge and History. Aspects of the doWn. estern Theory of TKaw lc aom tt e N Pa krrsuom ns a , h , 1916946 , 3 , ‘ EAv fr o ic lu atiM on uasrtyUU nite, London. Ta R lc eovtitew Pa , r Vol. 29, No. 3. niversal in Society’, American Sociological Cliffs, N. sJo . ns, 1966, Societies. Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives, Englewood Ta N lc eow tt Y Pa orrsko . ns, 1968, The Structure of Social Action (paperback edition, 2 volumes), RHo erbert PTbheerotrIy . a ’, R ssi Shcon ie d , ne1s9 ce , 65, So a1n9d 68 S , c ‘ i T ety and E oci h et e y , D V is o gu d i ucatio l. 3s2e , dNCnoo . n in s Jap 3. erva atn is , mNe in wEYvoorlku . tionary Development Fre SdocW iet . y R , B iggs W. W. Rosto o w st , o n 19 . 64, Administration in Developing Countries. The Theory of Prismatic (paperback ed , i 1 ti 9o6n7 ) , , TLhoendSo ta n g . es of Economic Growth. A Non-Communist Manifesto, JTehaeno -d PoaruelR Sa orstzraek , 1 ( 9e6d4 .) , , T1h9e69P , roTbhleemDio ss feM nt e in th goAdc ( aEdnegm li y s , h H tr aarnmso la ntd io snw ) o , r L th o . ndon.

chapter |13 pages

Du Cdo le mymSueneircs, 1970, The Meaning of Development’, Institute of Development Studies, Le boypoM ld erSceedraartiS on Coo en sgSheo rie k), Nre , s 1 , 9 No w Y 64 o , r . O 44 k n . African Socialism (translated and with an Introduction Ed iwnaJrodhSn hi J l . s , Jo 19 h6n2s , onTh (e e d . M ), il T it . ary Princeto he RionlethoefP th o e li ti M ca i l li t D ar eyveilnopUmnednetrdoefve th lo epeNdew Co S un ta tr te ie s s ’ , , E E . dwA. arSdhiS ls h n il , s N , 1 .J 9 . 65, Political Development in the New Social Sc a ie nndceHs, . GAl . e F nc in oceh , I ( l e li dnso .) i , s . 1949, Max Weber: SEtsastaeyss , T in htehHeM ag euteh . odology of the Ne ainldJ. M Sm oo el rsee . r, 1963, ‘Mechanisms of Change and Adjustment to Change’, in Hoselitz Ne iinlJS . ocSim ol eolg se ic r a , l1E 96 x8p , Toward a General Soedjatmoko, 1965, ‘M lan eam ti oorna , nEdnugm le ownoS od cTCh li efo fs r , yNo . f J . Social Change’, in Smelser, Essays Ru ( deod. l ) f , oRSetla ig vieonnhaagnednP , r1o9g6r9e , s s ‘ S in evM en odEerrrnAos pe and Purpose of Seminar’, in R. N. Bellah Louis Horowitz et al (eds.), Lat oneo ia, New York. John B. Stephenson, 1968, ‘Is Eve irnyoAnmeeG ric o a us Theses about Latin America’, in Irving for Measuring Modernism’, Am in ngRM ad o ic d alism, New York. Lionel Tiger, 1967, ‘Bureaucracy aenrd ic aUnrb Jo aunr nal of So er c n io ? loAgyC , V rit oilq . u7e4 , anNdo . a3S . uggestion A Pi retrhruerLJ . . vaVniddiecnhBaenrdghJeo , s1e9p6h7 , BSeonustmhaAnf , r ic 1a9 . 6SAymSb tu odl Systems’, in Miner. edition 8, Sma y ll in ToCwonn fl in ic t, MBaesrskeS le oyc , ieC ty a li ( froervn is ia e . dML ax onWdeob ) e , r P , r n. 1i9n3c0e , toTnh , eNP . rJo . testant Ethic and the Spirit o f Capitalism (English translation), Ian LoWoekinabtetrhge , S1t9a6t9e , oTfhaeT Problem o No. 1. heory’, Co f m th pearEam tiv eergSe tu n d ce ie sof in InSdoucs ie tr tiyalanSdocH ie is ti teosr : y , aVCorli . ti1 ca 1 l , PMey te rronWW or esiln ey er , ( 1e9d6 . 4 ), T1h9e66T , h M ird odW ernization, New York. Pe itnerIrW vi onrgslL ey o , ui1s9H 65 o , r o ‘B w u it rzea ( uecdr ) a ., c orldf Lond TyhaenNdewDe on. Scooclioon lo ization: Democracy from the Top’, Ar H is . t id FerR ie . dZlo an lb deragn , d19C 64 a , rTlhGe . DRaoksabreC rg o , ll Jorq . ui ( uem ds . th gey, ), ASNee ar wchYfoo rk frican So rca . iaD fornia. li o sm ct , riS ne ta ’, nifnoW rd, i ll C ia a m li

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II. PSYCHO -SO C IA LDETERM IN ANTSOFDEVELO PM ENT

chapter |5 pages

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES REVISITED

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hmaustubaele ly neexxcalm us iinveedae lt lesrenwah ti evrees [ [ T ib oiyde : , 215948 ] 1 . : T6 h 9em4. T o witness a personal o r collective tragedy, and t0 o . leading nature of this latter contention Bv a ] h . [ibid: 79]. 30; cf. Parker, 197 auer , 1981 : a w 16 ]. not a justification [ a B ud e [ n I ] tute of ] n from . . . aborigines ofP apua, o r the Ae f Th airs ee M ye t og f ef t L zE y ao ti , cLAonnad ly osni : sForfaLnakwC ’, asP ilosophy and Public To h P, o tl i al E D6, is TsheentEocnonD om ev conomy of Growth, ieclsoopfmUenndt, e r en v eW d C od u tf r

chapter |1 pages

B ro Mwna , c C. P ., 1980, The Political and Social Economy of Commodity Control , n d P R op eudlia st t r io ib n u , ti E on co w no it mhyG , rSoowctih et The Republic of Plato, CP o mu o iP ti sc , F: i n ne c e as n dt e To Him Who Hath: A Study of Poverty and Taxation, Econometrica, The British Image of India: A Study in the Literature of Imperialism, Eic c ns o c Sn t Review of D9, i r ctions in ED co oel m cm D vt: e l ment Ee c nE om d aS ti Review of Sty o m ee s C mbridge Controversies in the Theory of Capital, Politics, J. o ee n fo So u as l fn E c nI o Lat it rn ature, , Londo North-South: A Prog JP o rP n lb o t. he Royal Statistical American Econo m So iccieRteyv , i , ieVsoAl. . 73, No. 2, Pvi u h in P, o n ternational Comparisons of Real Product and Economic Journal, en v pA m n., t E cd o n mN i , n W ow or dlednB Pioneers of International Institutions in Trade and Finance, Dth em co r Theory: Essays in Retrieval Development Studies , K O . x E fo xrpde : riC en la cree ' n , d J ae l A.Rm E‘ c ng o Re e Ors . The Lessons of Experience: Evaluation Work in Me i oD rit i7 n H‘ i oe r y Pl o The Economics of Productivity nn d hA ni aa l Cs. h a ga e The Meaning o Nd f om ns rr v m’ , ea w Lo e ts R vr i w: , ew York Review of Books,

Development Studies Revisited

Development Studies Revisited

ABSTRACT

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