ABSTRACT
Focusing on the uses of lead in pure or alloy form for engineering applications, this text presents data on the physical, mechanical, corrosive, accoustic, damping and nuclear properties of lead and lead alloys. It organizes information according to alloy type in tables, graphs and text, and examines the processing of commercially available lead pr
TABLE OF CONTENTS
chapter 3|15 pages
4%
until 1989. consumption decreased between followed steady growth annum level about million tons. Consumption United States followed trend. opening Communist production Western 1989. there supply situation. Communist exported 180,000 1993, import
chapter 6|64 pages
8%
frequently in nonbattery applications. 0.80-1.15% alloys are cable sheathing and antimony alloys are fabricate linings, pipe, anode chromium plating. alloys higher percentages antimony, such as castings hardness is
chapter |2 pages
,----,-----,--.-----,---.------,
f---t---+-----jf-----,,-r 'iJOfXJf---t---+_yf---+---f------j bf---+--:M------j'---+---f-----I
chapter |2 pages
= is
where radius dispersion volume fraction dispersion [133]. typical energy-release function temperature formed metal shown Figure first. smaller. corresponds recovery process second. large, corresponds recrystallization process. Grain growth follows
chapter |1 pages
' 20
v-f~----- addition of inhibited recrystallization. reduction temperature, the worked structure after recrystallization began after a recrystallization observed after days. high-purity (99.9999%) recrystallizes -59°C [144]. addition slows recrystallization
chapter |3 pages
Pb-Ca
alloys given 99.9% reduction regard recrys- tallization months, respectively. behavior Pb-Te, Pb-Li, Pb-Na pronounced [84,145,146]. supersaturation avoided temperature, crystallization sets alloy. supersaturated alloys, precipitate formation could reduction strength. grain growth limiting grain different nealing temperatures different deformation strains could presented recrystallization diagrams. diagrams prepared
chapter |2 pages
In6=lnt--
versus different stresses converged at showing Larsen-Miller parameter [192], which varies with stress given alloy. often assumed versus stress curves are established experimentally different alloys and extrapolation data.
chapter 50|1 pages
52 -
[191,199]. these experiments, altered at constant constant temperature. curves which creep plotted against stress or against break after passing which rates steeply. addition, curves coarse-and fine-grained lead intersect stresses 25°C(jm{gl'oin ")-+---f
chapter 9|1 pages
,----,---,--,-----,----,r--,...------r---,r-,.----, --+--t----+--If---+-7""l=---+--+-----j
81-----t----+----t----+----+---+----oA----+-------l 61----+--+----+--...l.-.,
chapter 0|3 pages
Cycles to Failure
Figure plastic strain steel (Courtesy extrusions and slip-band intrusions. fatigue cracks shown initiate intrusions mechanism producing slip-band extrusions and intrusions has suggested [235,236]. Based
chapter |3 pages
Pb-Sb-Sn
duration vibration cycle exceeds fatigue strength depend frequency [240]. seems harder alloys, dependence fatigue strength on frequency is less marked. contrary, expressed units decreases known cases at constant amplitude increasing frequency vibration (Table [2,238]. frequency
chapter |15 pages
= 7) [61]. Table 48 shows the variation of the
[61]. Table shows variation solubility sulfuric acid concentration and temperature [61]. sulfate soluble sulfuric acid solution water. intermediate concentrations, negligible. increase
chapter 5|43 pages
10 = L. + log = ff,
Fixing absorbent directly material improve performance typically Fixing absorbent directly material other advantages because vides ready means joints where pipework penetrates. Sound Reduction Index where average sound pressure levels in source receiving room, respectively, specimen, and absorption receiving room (obtained Sabine equa- 0.161 where volume reverberation time). specifications, referred Sound Transmission Loss.
chapter |27 pages
kYr,
where increase weight, constant [23]. Figure shows weight increase 350°C, 400°C, 450°C [280]. volume oxide formed is greater volume metal which (Pilling Bedworth ratio 1.26), metal should occur [281]. growth oxide alloys takes place migration metal through the oxide layer reaction oxygen of parabolic oxidation kinetics suggests rate-controlling oxidation of melts diffusion process slag. linear depen-
chapter |9 pages
lead
important fonns basic valves, fittings, pumps, anodes, and vessels. Valves Different types valve fitting other lead-based equipment. obtained steel
chapter 10|4 pages
....-r---.---r--...---...---r---r---.-----r---.
alloys. [333] [325,326,332] variation
chapter |7 pages
(3-5
seams and vertical seams) and dependence highly specialized burners, whose ability judged today artistically shaped cupping seam, efforts mechanical movement increase in output (about gained mechanical guidance corresponding manual movement burner. However, equipment
chapter |1 pages
+ (a
0.0592 equilibrium potential varies with temperature approximately practice, voltage approximately given specific gravity theoretical storage ability weight assuming reactants activity estimated
chapter |4 pages
Pb0(s)
HSOiaq) PbS0(s) Pb(s) HSOiaq) PbS0(s) presence impurities lower overpotential lution negative electrode accelerates self-discharge reaction negative electrode. impurities include transferred Sb-alloy-based positive grids. These discussed further in later section.
chapter 6|10 pages
9% Pb-9 Pb-3
alloys becoming common. However, low-Sb alloys inferior castability. mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance under operating conditions. Arsenic addition increased hard- ening and reduced storage required after casting. Arsenic increased creep resistance. which was very beneficial cycling conditions. Storage Battery addition
chapter |9 pages
= Note that the term yield strength as referenced
referenced actually refers yield damper units tons. yield strength depends diameter damper, maximum yield strength of damper given where plastic's moment plastic's section modulus
chapter |18 pages
Pb-Sb-Sn
alloys melting points, shrinkage on solidification; thus, they these requirements. metals lead-antimony-tin alloys. compositions metals diagram solidus temperatures these different alloys nearly coincide
chapter |34 pages
SOLDERS Introduction
Soldering major joining processes. Solder material material melting point parts being joined. molten solder between parts joined, completely wetting surfaces joined. Soldering process
chapter 20|9 pages
30
consumption. screw section, continuously livered cable screw action press. power cables, sheath layers normally 2.5-3.5 thick. Segregation formation precipitates, their growth extruder screw surface, and their subsequent incorporation in cable sheath