ABSTRACT
This highly practical reference presents for the first time in a single volume all types of environmental degradation a metallic compound may undergo during its processing, storage, and service. Clarifying general and localized corrosion effects, Environmental Degradation of Metals describes the effects of atmospheric exposure, high-temperature gas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
chapter 1|4 pages
Introduction
of technology. However, a of metallic materials (and of other materials too!) is the deterio-
chapter 2|19 pages
Aqueous Corrosion: Fundamentals
2.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL NATURE OF AQUEOUS CORROSION of all corrosion pro-
chapter |8 pages
0.76 V
of polarization, i.e., activation polarization and of a slow step in the electrode reaction for of the order of 0.1 V of the above equation, as applied to hydrogen evo- of 0.1 Vis shown in Fig. 2.12. It can be noted
chapter |6 pages
If a
metal exhibiting passivity, e.g., iron in l N H2so •• is anodically polarized of the curve shows an increase in potential in the positive
chapter 3|25 pages
Aqueous Corrosion: Forms
3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF AQUEOUS CORROSION of metaJs and alloys takes place in a variety of environments
chapter |5 pages
(a).•
Figure 3.20 (a) Step structure from electrolytic-oxalic acid etch test in solution-an- of sensitization. No such peak is observed for unsensitized 3.6.4 Other Alloys
chapter |12 pages
t----1
•• E-C Figure 3.29 Erosion corrosion of lead by 10% sulfuric acid flowing at 39 ft/s. Cross- 3.8.2 Metallurgical Factors
chapter 3|6 pages
10.1 Microbiological Corrosion
of bacteria have been identified that aggravate corrosion of metals of air. They survive under a wide range of (0-50°C) and pH (3-10). The important microorganisms contribut-
chapter |4 pages
MATERIAL SELECTION
of materials for corrosion applications. The most of its of their excel-
chapter 5|5 pages
2 THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF METAL-SINGLE
OXIDANT SYSTEMS of a metallic component exposed of affinity of the metal to oxidizing gases, which leads to its degradation of some compounds with the oxidant. For judging of Gibbs' free energy change for the total reac- of metal oxide (M0), whereas if is positive, of the oxidant, thereby leading of the oxide. But thermodynamics deals with the
chapter 5|5 pages
4.5 Rules for Writing Defect Reaction
of defect formation reaction, it is essential to have mass of the law of mass action. Use of this law implies the of Boltzmann statistics, i.e., random distribution of defects are con- Null= of unit activity. Under the situation of 0 << 1, Henry's law is applicable. However, it is convenient to use concentration of number of defect per cubic meter of the crystal represented by exp( (5.8) exp( A{')exp( = = + +
chapter |32 pages
ao n
of vacancy concentration at this interface is = Cexp of vacancies through the stressed oxide, the following stress-depen- _ D~
chapter 6|6 pages
Alloy Oxidation
of metallic components in a variety of industrial installations are of such
chapter 6|2 pages
2.1n-Type Oxide (ZnO)
of such oxides involves excess cations at interstitial of the oxide lattice with excess electrons in its conduction band. As of interstitial zinc ions and excess
chapter |2 pages
•• •• zn••
zn•• zn•• o= zn•• zn•• zn•• zn•• zn•• Zn·· zn•• zn•• zn•• cr••• zn•• cr••• zn•• zn•• zn•• o• zn•• zn•• u• zn•• o" o"' zn•• zn•• Figure 6.1 u+ additions. of dissolving cations of higher and lower valences than the
chapter |8 pages
Ah0reduces to only 5-6 wt %.
Cr acts as an oxygen getter, inhibiting internal oxidation. 6.5 SCALING OF BINARY AND TERNARY ALLOYS of alloys involves the same general phenomena as described for of the following:
chapter |2 pages
S0and gets dissolved in the molten salt as a cationic
of the sulfate of NiO corresponding to of Na0 as 10- ·the solubility goes on increasing with the increase of
chapter 7|1 pages
2 Kinetics
of all susceptible alloys and of reaction, possibly with the alloy being protected by a stable Cr0
chapter |10 pages
\CIJOJ
Si0[2]. of diffusion due to their high concentrations of point defects. of oxygen point defects
chapter 7|4 pages
Liquid Metal Attack
of solid metals by liquid metals may be manifested in the following of a solid metal under applied or residual stresses when
chapter 7|2 pages
.2.2 Factors Influencing LME
Effect of Grain Size of a metallic material nonnally bear a of grain diameter, which is known or fracture stress of fracture
chapter |13 pages
oo-•
of testing, but failure in a brittle manner was observed when of magnitude. The effect of strain of Alloying
chapter 8|18 pages
Hydrogen Damage
8.1 INTRODUCTION of physical and mechanical properties of metals resulting from the action of hydrogen, which may be initially present
chapter 8|1 pages
3.4 Hydrogen Attack
of damage that occurs in carbon and low-alloy steels of the alloy or formation of
chapter 8|7 pages
4.4 Enhanced Plastic Flow Theory
HSC produced fracture surfaces show- of shallow of plastic How associated with the propagation of fracture by making dis- or ftow stress due to dissolved hydrogen of crack tips, then embrittlement due to of the model [6], the adsorption of hydrogen has been of dislocations at the crack tip which, in tum,
chapter 9|15 pages
Radiation Damage
of metals and alloys with energetic particles generates point defect of the materials and dimensional changes in the metallic components. Radiation