ABSTRACT
This Encyclopedia is a reference work about young children in the USA, designed for use by policy makers, community planners, parents of young children, teacher and early childhood educators, programme and school administrators, among others. The field of early childhood education has been affected by changes taking place in the nation’s economy, demographics, schools, communities and families that influence political and professional decisions. These diverse historical, political economic, socio-cultural, intellectual and educational influences on early childhood education have hindered the development of a clear definition of the field. The Encyclopedia provides an opportunity to define the field against the background of these influences and relates the field of early childhood education to its diverse contexts and to the cultural and technological resources currently affecting it.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter 1|4 pages
Introduction
letter 2|89 pages
Historical and Philosophical Roots of Early Childhood Practice
entry |4 pages
Introduction
entry 2.1|21 pages
Ancient Contributions to Child Care and Early Education (Prior to A.d. 1750)
entry |1 pages
African Influences
entry |2 pages
American Indian (Native American) Influences
entry |1 pages
Asian Influences
entry |2 pages
Biblical (Jewish/Christian) Influences
entry |3 pages
Greeks, Ancient, Influences of
entry |1 pages
Aristotle
entry |1 pages
Plato
entry |2 pages
Islamic (Muslim) Influences
entry |1 pages
Latino (Hispanic) Influences
entry |2 pages
Romans, Ancient, Influences of
entry |1 pages
Quintilian
entry |3 pages
Medieval Education
entry |2 pages
Renaissance Education
entry |1 pages
Comenius (Jan Ámos Komenský)
entry |1 pages
da Feltre, Vittorino
entry |2 pages
Reformation, Education in the
entry |1 pages
Luther, Martin
entry |2 pages
Enlightenment, Education in the
entry |1 pages
Locke, John
entry 2.2|16 pages
Philosophical, Political, and Educational Contexts in the United States
entry |8 pages
Beyond the Predictable: A Viewing of the History of Early Childhood Education
entry |6 pages
Historic Tensions and Future Opportunities: Public Responsibility and Early Childhood Education
entry |2 pages
Educational Contexts: The Common School in Relation to Early Childhood Education
entry 2.3|10 pages
History of Early Childhood Programs and Practices (Prior to 1960)
entry |1 pages
Bureau of Educational Experiments (Bank Street)
entry |3 pages
Froebelian Kindergarten, The*
entry |1 pages
Laboratory Schools
entry |1 pages
McMillan Nursery School, The
entry |2 pages
Montessori Method, The
entry |1 pages
Parent Education, History of
entry |1 pages
Progressive Movement, The
entry |1 pages
Traditional Nursery School, The
entry 582.4|7 pages
History of Child Care and Early Childhood Education Legislation
entry |6 pages
Federal Legislation of Importance to Early Childhood Education: A Chronology
entry 652.5|7 pages
Evolution of Unique Early Childhood Curriculum Materials
entry |1 pages
Blocks, The Development of, in the United States
entry |5 pages
Children's Literature in the United States, Evolution of
entry 2.6|24 pages
Pioneers in Child Care and Early Childhood Education (After A.d. 1750)
entry |1 pages
Addams, Jane
entry |1 pages
Adler, Felix
entry |1 pages
Barnard, Henry
entry |1 pages
Blow, Susan
entry |1 pages
Bryan, Anna E.
entry |1 pages
Clapp, Elsie R.
entry |1 pages
Committee of Nineteen
entry |1 pages
Darwin, Charles
entry |1 pages
Dewey, John
entry |1 pages
Eliot, Abigail
entry |1 pages
Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm*
entry |1 pages
Hailmann, Eudora
entry |1 pages
Hailmann, William
entry |1 pages
Harris, William T.
entry |1 pages
Harrison, Elizabeth
entry |1 pages
Hill, Patty Smith
entry |1 pages
International Kindergarten Union
entry |1 pages
Johnson, Harriet
entry |1 pages
Marwedel, Emma
entry |1 pages
McMillan, Margaret and Rachel
entry |1 pages
Mitchell, Lucy Sprague
entry |1 pages
Montessori, Maria
entry |1 pages
National Association of Nursery Educators (NANE)
entry |1 pages
National Kindergarten Association
entry |1 pages
Owen, Robert
entry |1 pages
Peabody, Elizabeth
entry |1 pages
Pestalozzi, Johann
entry |1 pages
Pratt, Caroline
entry |1 pages
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
entry |1 pages
Schurz, Margarethe Meyer
entry |1 pages
Séguin, Édouard
entry |1 pages
Temple, Alice
entry |1 pages
Wiggin, Kate Douglas
entry |1 pages
Yates, Josephine S.
entry |1 pages
Young, Ella Flagg
letter 3|90 pages
Sociocultural, Political, and Economic Contexts of Child Care and Early Education
entry |5 pages
Introduction
entry 3.1|12 pages
Demographics and Diversity
entry |2 pages
National Demographic Trends
entry |11 pages
Regional Demographic Trends
entry |2 pages
Midwest
entry |1 pages
Northeast
entry |1 pages
South and Southeast
entry |1 pages
Southwest
entry |3 pages
West (California)
entry |3 pages
West/Northwest
entry 3.2|11 pages
Sponsorships and Interest Groups
entry |6 pages
History of Sponsorships and Interest Groups
entry |3 pages
Sources of Funding for Early Childhood Programs
entry |2 pages
Foundations, Potential Funding by
entry 3.3|9 pages
Early Childhood Settings in the Public Sector
entry |2 pages
Child Care Support
entry |2 pages
Child Care in the Military
entry |1 pages
Head Start
entry |1 pages
Head Start Program Evaluation
entry |1 pages
Infant Intervention and Enrichment Programs
entry |1 pages
Kindergarten
entry |1 pages
All-Day Kindergarten
entry |1 pages
Alternate- and Extended-Day Kindergarten
entry |1 pages
Half-Day Kindergarten
entry |4 pages
Prekindergarten: School-Based Programs
entry |1 pages
Primary Grades
entry |1 pages
Primary School Follow Through Programs
entry |1 pages
School-Age Child Care
entry 3.4|15 pages
Early Childhood Settings in the Private Sector
entry |1 pages
At-Home Education
entry |1 pages
Centers for the Homeless
entry |8 pages
Child Care Programs
entry |1 pages
Church/Synagogue and Community Agency Child Care
entry |1 pages
Day Care
entry |1 pages
Drop-In Child Care Centers
entry |2 pages
Family Day Care (Home-Based Child Care)
entry |1 pages
Group Child Care Homes
entry |1 pages
Industry-Based Child Care
entry |2 pages
Infant/Toddler Child Care
entry |1 pages
Proprietary (For-Profit) Child Care
entry |1 pages
Elementary Schools
entry |1 pages
Intergenerational Programs
entry |1 pages
Kindergarten
entry |1 pages
Laboratory Schools (College and University)
entry |1 pages
Nursery School (Prekindergarten)
entry |1 pages
Parent Cooperatives
entry |1 pages
Religious Early Childhood Education
entry 1553.5|33 pages
Child Advocacy and Public Policy
entry |11 pages
Child Advocacy
entry |2 pages
Advocacy Strategies
entry |1 pages
Children's Rights
entry |7 pages
Organizations, National Advocacy*
entry |1 pages
Parent Action
entry |16 pages
Early Childhood Policies
entry |1 pages
Child Abuse Legislation
entry |1 pages
Child Care Policy
entry |1 pages
Child Welfare Policy
entry |1 pages
Compensatory, Chapter 1, and Migratory Education Policy
entry |2 pages
Head Start Policy
entry |3 pages
Health Care Policies
entry |1 pages
Immunization Policies
entry |1 pages
Kindergarten Policy
entry |1 pages
Media (Television) Policies
entry |1 pages
Prekindergarten Policy
entry |1 pages
Safety Policies
entry |3 pages
School Desegregation Policy
entry |1 pages
Special Education Policy
entry |6 pages
Regional Policy Trends in Financing, Licensing, and Regulation
entry |1 pages
Midwest
entry |1 pages
Northeast
entry |1 pages
South and Southeast
entry |2 pages
Southwest
entry 3.6|1 pages
Sociocultural Studies of the Effectiveness of Early Childhood Education
letter 4|112 pages
Perspectives on Children
entry |4 pages
Introduction
entry 4.1|2 pages
History of Child Development and Learning Theory
entry 1974.2|8 pages
Key Figures in Child Development and Learning Theory
entry |1 pages
Ainsworth, Mary B.
entry |1 pages
Baldwin, James Mark
entry |1 pages
Brazelton, T. Berry
entry |1 pages
Bruner, Jerome S.
entry |1 pages
Erikson, Erik
entry |1 pages
Freud, Anna
entry |1 pages
Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939)
entry |1 pages
Gesell, Arnold
entry |1 pages
Greenspan, Stanley
entry |1 pages
Hall, G. Stanley
entry |1 pages
Isaacs, Susan Sutherland (Fairhurst)
entry |1 pages
Mahler, Margaret
entry |1 pages
Piaget, Jean
entry |1 pages
Preyer, Wilhelm Thierry
entry |1 pages
Skinner, Burrhus Frederic
entry |1 pages
Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich
entry |1 pages
Watson, John Broadus
entry |1 pages
Whiting, Beatrice, and Whiting, John
entry 4.3|6 pages
Theories of Child Development and Learning
entry |1 pages
Behaviorist
entry |1 pages
Constructivist
entry |1 pages
Maturationist
entry |1 pages
Psychodynamic
entry |1 pages
Socialization
entry 4.4|64 pages
Domains of Development
entry |1 pages
Aesthetic Development
entry |3 pages
Cognitive-Intellectual Development
entry |5 pages
Emotional and Social Development
entry |1 pages
Infant Emotional Development
entry |1 pages
Childhood Emotional Development
entry |1 pages
Motivation
entry |1 pages
Self-Esteem
entry |1 pages
Self-Identity
entry |2 pages
Imagination and Symbolic Thinking
entry |1 pages
Humor
entry |3 pages
Language Acquisition
entry |3 pages
Bilingual Language Development
entry |1 pages
Metalinguistic Ability, Development of
entry |4 pages
Moral Development
entry |1 pages
Justice Reasoning and Social Cognition
entry |1 pages
Religious Concepts
entry |1 pages
Physical and Motor Development
entry |2 pages
Play, the Role of, in Development
entry |3 pages
Social Development and Development of Relationships
entry |1 pages
Social Cognition
entry 4.5|6 pages
Sequences of Development and Child Characteristics
entry |2 pages
Prenatal Development and Characteristics
entry |1 pages
Infant and Toddler Development and Characteristics
entry |1 pages
Preschooler Development and Characteristics
entry |1 pages
Kindergarten-Age Children, Development and Characteristics of
entry |2 pages
Primary School Children, Development and Characteristics of
entry 4.6|12 pages
Special Learning Needs/Individual Needs
entry |1 pages
Labeling Young Children, Issues and Implications of
entry |1 pages
Mediated Learning Experiences and At-Risk Children
entry |1 pages
Emotional and Social Needs
entry |1 pages
Intellectual Disabilities
entry |2 pages
Perceptual Disabilities
entry |6 pages
Physical Disabilities
entry |4 pages
Prenatal Substance Abuse
entry |1 pages
Medically Fragile/Technology-Dependent Children
entry 4.7|15 pages
Contexts of Development
entry |4 pages
Ecological and Sociocultural Influences
entry |1 pages
Class and Caste Variations
entry |1 pages
Cultural/Ethnicity Variations
entry |2 pages
Family Contexts
entry |1 pages
Parents as First Teacher
entry |2 pages
Gender Identification
entry |1 pages
Gender and Play
entry |3 pages
Peer Culture
entry |2 pages
Classroom Peer Interaction
entry |1 pages
Neighborhoods
entry |4 pages
Nutrition, Health, and Safety
entry |1 pages
Nutrition
entry |1 pages
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
entry |1 pages
Child Abuse
entry |1 pages
Substance Abuse
entry 4.8|1 pages
Child Study and Observation
entry |1 pages
Individuals, Observation and Study of
entry |2 pages
Classrooms, Observation and Study of
entry |3 pages
Neighborhood/Community Child Study and Observation
entry |1 pages
Family Studies
entry 4.9|28 pages
Child Assessment and Evaluation
entry |1 pages
Child Assessment Trends, Concerns, and Issues
entry |2 pages
Observation Methods, Trends, Concerns, and Issues
entry |1 pages
Evaluation Trends
entry |1 pages
Retention and Redshirting
entry |2 pages
Assessment Issues and Principles
entry |12 pages
Glossary of Assessment Terms
entry |7 pages
Glossary of Assessment Instruments
entry |2 pages
Infant Assessment: Issues and Glossary
letter 5|107 pages
Early Childhood Curricula and Programs: Variations in form and Content
entry |4 pages
Introduction
entry 5.1|3 pages
Early Childhood Curriculum Trends and Issues in the United States
entry |1 pages
History of Early Childhood Curriculum Trends in the United States
entry |2 pages
Advocacy for Developmentally Appropriate Practice
entry |1 pages
Public School Entrance Age
entry 3125.2|16 pages
Curriculum Approaches
entry |1 pages
Academics/Direct Instruction
entry |1 pages
Constructivist/Intellectual Curriculum
entry |1 pages
Interdisciplinary Learning/Integrated Curriculum
entry |1 pages
Multicultural Education
entry |1 pages
Peace Education
entry |1 pages
Projects, Topics, and Themes
entry |1 pages
Unit Curriculum
entry |9 pages
Special Education Programs
entry |2 pages
Developmentally Delayed
entry |1 pages
Emotionally Disturbed
entry |1 pages
Gifted
entry |1 pages
Learning Disabilities
entry |1 pages
Mainstreaming
entry |1 pages
Perceptual Impairments
entry |1 pages
Physical Impairments
entry 5.3|29 pages
Curriculum Domains
entry |1 pages
Arts: Visual-Graphic and Spatial
entry |2 pages
Construction
entry |1 pages
Blocks
entry |1 pages
Woodworking
entry |2 pages
Creative Drama and Children's Theater
entry |1 pages
Health, Nutrition, and Safety
entry |5 pages
Language Arts
entry |1 pages
Language Experience
entry |2 pages
Literature
entry |1 pages
Reading
entry |1 pages
Writing
entry |4 pages
Literacy Issues
entry |1 pages
Language Differences
entry |1 pages
Literacy, Emergent
entry |1 pages
Literacy, Oral
entry |1 pages
Literacy, Oral: Principles of Practice
entry |3 pages
Mathematics Literacy
entry |2 pages
Mathematics
entry |1 pages
Music
entry |1 pages
Philosophy
entry |1 pages
Physical Education
entry |2 pages
Physical Knowledge, Logico-mathematical Knowledge, and Social-arbitrary Knowledge
entry |1 pages
Science, Natural
entry |1 pages
Science, Physical
entry |5 pages
Social Studies
entry |1 pages
Community Resource Use
entry |1 pages
Cooking
entry |2 pages
Sociodrama
entry |1 pages
Props
entry |1 pages
Family Center and Alternatives
entry |1 pages
Puppetry
entry 5.4|13 pages
Curriculum Materials
entry |1 pages
Blocks
entry |1 pages
Big Books, Shared Book Experiences
entry |1 pages
Children's Literature
entry |2 pages
Commercial Curriculum Kits
entry |1 pages
Computer Software
entry |2 pages
Mathematically Oriented Materials
entry |1 pages
Cuisenaire Rods
entry |1 pages
Dienes Multibase Arithmetic Blocks
entry |4 pages
Malleable Materials
entry |1 pages
Clay
entry |1 pages
Paint and Other Media
entry |2 pages
Sand and Water
entry |2 pages
Outdoor Education Provisions
entry |1 pages
Equipping an Outdoor Playground
entry |1 pages
Teacher-Made Materials
entry |2 pages
Textbooks and Workbooks
entry |1 pages
Textbooks: Historical Context and Present Practice
entry |1 pages
Toys
entry |1 pages
Veri-Tech
entry |1 pages
Writing Tools
entry 5.5|11 pages
Technology and Educative Materials
entry |2 pages
Technology as a Learning Tool
entry |1 pages
Advocacy for Quality in Technology
entry |3 pages
Computers
entry |1 pages
Glossary, Computers
entry |1 pages
Video, Robots, and Other Technologies
entry |4 pages
Television Issues
entry |2 pages
Television, Influences
entry |1 pages
Glossary, Television
entry |1 pages
Textbooks
entry |1 pages
Toys
entry |1 pages
Toys and Equipment, Annotated List of*
entry 3805.6|10 pages
Physical Environments and Classroom Management
entry |4 pages
Physical Environment
entry |1 pages
Learning Centers
entry |1 pages
Space, Amount and Use of
entry |1 pages
Special Education Provisions
entry |5 pages
Classroom Management
entry |1 pages
Discipline
entry |1 pages
Pacing Instruction
entry |1 pages
Pacing Issues
entry |1 pages
Record Keeping
entry |1 pages
Time Use
entry 5.7|15 pages
Strategies of Teaching
entry |14 pages
Strategies of Teaching: Overview
entry |1 pages
Behavior Modification
entry |1 pages
Cooperative Learning
entry |1 pages
Direct Instruction
entry |1 pages
Discussion, Conversation, and Questioning: Critical Thinking
entry |2 pages
Grouping
entry |2 pages
Grouping in Programs for Children Under Six
entry |1 pages
Humor, Teaching with
entry |1 pages
Inductive Model
entry |2 pages
Learning Styles
entry |1 pages
Play
entry |1 pages
Questioning
entry |1 pages
Team Teaching
entry 5.8|7 pages
Field Trips
entry |1 pages
Planning Field Trips
entry |1 pages
Field Trips: Midwest
entry |2 pages
Field Trips: Northeast
entry |1 pages
Field Trips: Pacific Northwest
entry |1 pages
Field Trips: South
entry |1 pages
A Survey Study of Field Trips in the South
entry |1 pages
Field Trips: Southwest
entry |1 pages
Field Trips: West
letter 6|79 pages
Perspectives On Educators
entry |6 pages
Introduction
entry 6.1|4 pages
History of Early Childhood Teacher Recruitment, Certification, and Legislation
entry |2 pages
History of Early Childhood Teacher Education
entry |1 pages
Early Childhood Teacher Education at Black Colleges
entry |2 pages
History of Early Childhood Teacher Licensure: 1920s–1990s
entry 6.2|10 pages
Profiles of Early Childhood Teachers and Child Care Providers
entry |1 pages
Career Development
entry |2 pages
Early Childhood Teachers: A Profile
entry |1 pages
Recruitment and Admission to the Profession
entry |1 pages
Support Services
entry |4 pages
Health Care Providers: Communication Linkages
entry |1 pages
Social Services
entry |1 pages
Special Education as a Support Service
entry |1 pages
Specialist Teachers in Addition to the Classroom Teacher
entry |1 pages
Resource Room
entry |1 pages
Unions and Early Childhood Education
entry 6.3|10 pages
Glossary of Professional Associations and Journals
entry |1 pages
American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AAGTE)
entry |1 pages
Association for Childhood Education International (AGEI)
entry |1 pages
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD)
entry |1 pages
Association of Teacher Educators (ATE)
entry |1 pages
National Association of Early Childhood Teacher Educators (NAEGTE)
entry |1 pages
California Professors of Early Childhood Education
entry |5 pages
National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) and Regional Aspects
entry |1 pages
California AEYC
entry |1 pages
Hawaii AEYG
entry |1 pages
Midwest AEYC
entry |1 pages
New England AEYC
entry |1 pages
Southern Association for Children Under Six (SACUS)
entry |1 pages
Western States Leadership Network
entry |1 pages
National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE)
entry |1 pages
Organisation Mondiale pour l'Education Pre-Scolaire (OMEP) (Worldwide Organization for Early Childhood Education)
entry |1 pages
Professional Journals Related to Early Childhood Education
entry 6.4|8 pages
Professional Issues
entry |1 pages
Advocacy for Teachers
entry |1 pages
Compensation Issues
entry |1 pages
Early Childhood Teachers and Professionalism
entry |1 pages
Professional Empowerment, Supervision, and Educational Change
entry |2 pages
Professional Ethics
entry |2 pages
Union Relations
entry 4536.5|6 pages
Preservice Teacher Education
entry |2 pages
Knowledge Bases
entry |1 pages
Liberal Arts Education
entry |2 pages
Historical Context of Student Teaching
entry |1 pages
Student Teaching Placement and Supervision
entry |1 pages
Child Development Associate (CDA) Credential
entry 6.6|10 pages
In-service Teacher Education
entry |1 pages
Content and Providers of In-service Education Programs
entry |2 pages
Managing Change Through In-service Education
entry |4 pages
Refinement of In-service Teaching Practice
entry |2 pages
Reflective Teaching
entry |1 pages
Autobiography as a Means of Refinement of In-service Teachers' Practice
entry |2 pages
Ethnographic Interview as a Tool for Early Childhood Teacher Education
entry |3 pages
Pathways to Career Development
entry |2 pages
Career Ladders
entry |1 pages
Graduate Degree Programs
entry 6.7|7 pages
Teacher Education Policies
entry |2 pages
Assessment and Evaluation of Early Childhood Teachers
entry |3 pages
Certification of Early Childhood Teachers
entry |2 pages
Entry-Level Testing of Teachers
entry |1 pages
Guidelines: NAEYC's Teacher Education Guidelines and NGATE
entry |1 pages
Legislation: Effect on Teacher Education
entry 6.8|16 pages
Parents, Parent Education, and Community Involvement
entry |4 pages
Families as Educators
entry |2 pages
History of the Family in the United States
entry |1 pages
Characteristics of Families in the United States
entry |2 pages
Parent Education in the United States, Emergence of
entry |3 pages
Parent Education and Involvement, Types of
entry |1 pages
Mother-Child Home Program (“Toy Demonstrators”)
entry |1 pages
Parent and Child Programs
entry |1 pages
An Adapted Toy Lending Library
entry |1 pages
Parents as Teachers
entry |1 pages
Parents as Decision Makers in Programs
entry |1 pages
Paraprofessionals and Volunteers
entry |6 pages
Issues in Parent Education
entry |2 pages
Ethical Issues in Parent Education
entry |1 pages
Parents and Bilingualism
entry |1 pages
Families and Schools: Underlying Assumptions
entry |1 pages
Literacy, The Role of Parents in Promoting
entry 6.9|2 pages
Supervision and Administration of Early Childhood Programs
entry |1 pages
Supervision and Administration of Early Childhood Programs
entry |1 pages
Accreditation of Programs