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      Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics
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      Book

      Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

      DOI link for Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

      Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics book

      Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

      DOI link for Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics

      Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics book

      ByHadumod Bussmann, Kerstin Kazzazi, Gregory Trauth
      Edition 1st Edition
      First Published 1996
      eBook Published 3 December 1998
      Pub. Location London
      Imprint Routledge
      DOI https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203980057
      Pages 560
      eBook ISBN 9780203980057
      Subjects Language & Literature
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      Get Citation

      Bussmann, H. (1996). Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics (K. Kazzazi, & G. Trauth, Eds.) (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203980057

      ABSTRACT

      The Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics is a unique reference work for students and teachers of linguistics. The highly regarded second edition of the Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft by Hadumod Bussmann has been specifically adapted by a team of over thirty specialist linguists to form the most comprehensive and up-to-date work of its kind in the English language. In over 2,500 entries, the Dictionary provides an exhaustive survey of the key terminology and languages of more than 30 subdisciplines of linguistics. With its term-based approach and emphasis on clear analysis, it complements perfectly Routledge's established range of reference material in the field of linguistics.

      TABLE OF CONTENTS

      chapter |2 pages

      ablative absolute

      chapter |1 pages

      absolute antonymy

      chapter |4 pages

      absolute superlative degree absolutive

      chapter |1 pages

      accusativization

      chapter |1 pages

      acoustic analysis

      chapter |1 pages

      acoustic phonetics

      chapter |3 pages

      acrolect

      chapter |2 pages

      active voice

      chapter |3 pages

      adhortative [Lat. adhortativus ‘encouraging, urging on’]

      chapter |4 pages

      adjunct [Lat. adiungere ‘to connect, to add’]

      chapter |2 pages

      affiliation [MLat. affiliare ‘to adopt as a son,’ from Lat. ad+filius ‘son’]

      chapter |1 pages

      African languages

      chapter |3 pages

      Afrikaans

      chapter |3 pages

      agnosia [Grk agnōsía ‘ignorance’]

      chapter |1 pages

      AI artificial intelligence Ainu

      chapter |1 pages

      Akan Kwa Akkadian

      chapter |5 pages

      Aktionsart (also manner of action)

      chapter |1 pages

      allegation [Lat. allegare ‘to send on an errand, to cite’] (also necessitation)

      chapter |3 pages

      alliteration [Lat. ad ‘to,’ littera ‘letter (of the alphabet)’]

      chapter |1 pages

      alpha privativum [Lat. privativus ‘negative,’ from privare ‘to deprive’]

      chapter |1 pages

      alphabetic writing system

      chapter |1 pages

      Alsea Penutian Altaic

      chapter |1 pages

      alternation

      chapter |1 pages

      alveolo-palatal lamino-palatal

      chapter |1 pages

      ambiguity

      chapter |4 pages

      American English English American Sign Language (abbrev. ASL) sign language American structuralism (also post-Bloomfieldian linguistics)

      chapter |2 pages

      analogue communication

      chapter |4 pages

      analphabetic phonetic transcription analytic language

      chapter |7 pages

      Anatolian (also Hittito-Luvian)

      chapter |1 pages

      antonymy [Grk antí- ‘against,’ ónyma (=ónoma) ‘name’]

      chapter |3 pages

      A-over-A principle

      chapter |1 pages

      aphonia [Grk ‘sound, voice’]

      chapter |1 pages

      apico-dental

      chapter |1 pages

      apodosis protasis vs apodosis apokoinu [Grk apó koinoũ ‘from what is in common’]

      chapter |2 pages

      apostrophe [Grk ‘a turning away’]

      chapter |2 pages

      applicative

      chapter |4 pages

      approximative system interlanguage apraxia [Grk ‘non-action’]

      chapter |1 pages

      arbitrariness

      chapter |1 pages

      archilexeme [Grk archí—‘main, chief,’ léxis ‘word’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Arc Pair Grammar relational grammar areal linguistics dialect geography argot

      chapter |6 pages

      argument position

      chapter |1 pages

      articulator (also articulatory organ)

      chapter |4 pages

      articulatory canal vocal tract articulatory organ articulator articulatory phonetics

      chapter |1 pages

      aspects model (also aspects theory, standard theory)

      chapter |2 pages

      aspiration

      chapter |2 pages

      association

      chapter |2 pages

      athematic verb stem vowel ATN grammar augmented transition network grammar atomic concept semantic primitive atomic sentence

      chapter |2 pages

      audio-lingual method [Lat. audire ‘to hear,’ lingua ‘tongue’] (also audio-lingualism)

      chapter |1 pages

      augmented transition network (ATN) grammar

      chapter |1 pages

      a-umlaut breaking Australian languages

      chapter |2 pages

      Austroasian Austro-Asiatic Austro-Asiatic

      chapter |1 pages

      automata theory automaton automatic translation machine-aided translation automaton [Grk autómatos ‘self-acting’]

      chapter |1 pages

      autonomy

      chapter |1 pages

      AUX auxiliary auxiliary [Lat. auxiliaris ‘giving aid’] (also AUX, helping verb)

      chapter |1 pages

      Avar North-East Caucasian Avestan Iranian Avaro-Andi North-East-Caucasian axiom [Grk axíoma ‘worth, value’]

      chapter |2 pages

      axiomatics of linguistics

      chapter |2 pages

      back formation

      chapter |11 pages

      Balto-Finnish Finno-Ugric Bambara Mande Bantoid Benue-Congo Bantu

      chapter |4 pages

      bilateral implication equivalence, implication bilateral opposition opposition bilingualism [Lat. ‘two’, ‘tongue, language’]

      chapter |2 pages

      biphonemic classification polyphonemic classification bisegmentalization

      chapter |1 pages

      Black English (also Black English vernacular)

      chapter |1 pages

      Black English vernacular Black English blend (also amalgam, fusion, hybrid, telescoped word)

      chapter |1 pages

      Bokmål Norwegian Boolean function

      chapter |2 pages

      borrowing

      chapter |2 pages

      box diagram

      Box diagram

      chapter |7 pages

      bracketing

      chapter |1 pages

      cacophony [Grk kakophōnía ‘ill sound’]

      chapter |2 pages

      calculus

      chapter |1 pages

      Cantonese Chinese capital vs small (also upper case vs lower case)

      chapter |3 pages

      cardinal number [Lat. cardinalis ‘that serves as a pivot’]

      chapter |3 pages

      case grammar (also case theory, functional grammar)

      chapter |1 pages

      Cassubian Kashubian Castillian Spanish casus rectus [Lat. rectus ‘straight’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Catalan

      chapter |1 pages

      cataphor cataphora cataphora [Grk kataphorá ‘bringing down, downward motion’]

      chapter |4 pages

      catchword

      chapter |1 pages

      category symbol

      chapter |1 pages

      causal clause

      chapter c|1 pages

      command

      chapter |2 pages

      Celtiberian Celtic Celtic

      chapter |3 pages

      centrifugal vs centripetal [Lat. fugare ‘to drive away’; petere ‘to aim at’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Chari-Nile languages

      chapter |1 pages

      chart

      chapter |4 pages

      Cheremis Finno-Ugric Cherokee Iroquoian chiasmus [Grk chiasmós ‘diagonal arrangement’ (after the Greek letter χ ‘chi’)] (also chiasm)

      chapter |1 pages

      Chomsky hierarchy generative capacity Chukchi Paleo-Siberian Chukotko-Kamchatkan Paleo-Siberian chunk(ing)

      chapter |1 pages

      circonstant dependency grammar circumflex [Lat. circumflexus ‘in rounded form’]

      chapter |2 pages

      class noun common noun classical Arabic Arabic classical Greek Greek classical Latin Latin classification

      chapter |4 pages

      classifier

      chapter |2 pages

      clinical linguistics

      chapter |2 pages

      cluster

      chapter |3 pages

      co-constituent

      chapter |1 pages

      cognate object [Lat. cognatus ‘related by birth’]

      chapter |1 pages

      cognitive linguistics (also cognitive psychology)

      chapter |1 pages

      cognitive psychology cognitive linguistics coherence [Lat. cohaerere ‘to stick together’]

      chapter |5 pages

      cohesion

      chapter |1 pages

      comma [Grk kómma ‘that which is cut off, piece’]

      chapter |3 pages

      common noun (also class noun, generic noun, (nomen) appellativum)

      chapter |1 pages

      communicative competence

      chapter |1 pages

      COMP position

      chapter |2 pages

      comparative degree comparative clause

      chapter |2 pages

      compensatory lengthening (also loss with compensatory lengthening)

      chapter |1 pages

      complement clause

      chapter |1 pages

      complementary distribution

      chapter |3 pages

      complementation and modification (also dependency, determination, operator-operand relation)

      chapter |7 pages

      componential analysis (also semantic feature analysis)

      chapter |2 pages

      concatenation [Lat. catena ‘chain’]

      chapter |1 pages

      concrete noun [Lat. concretus ‘solid, dense’]

      chapter |4 pages

      conditional implication implication conditional relevance

      chapter |4 pages

      connecting vowel linking vowel connection

      chapter |1 pages

      consonant [Lat. consonare ‘to sound together’]

      chapter |1 pages

      consonantal vs non-consonantal

      chapter |4 pages

      constellation [Lat. constellatio ‘position of the stars’]

      chapter |1 pages

      content analysis

      chapter |1 pages

      content-based instruction

      chapter |1 pages

      content plane expression plane vs content plane content word autosemantic word context [Lat. contextus ‘an ordered scheme; the state of being joined’]

      chapter |1 pages

      context-free rule

      chapter |2 pages

      contextual implication implication contextualism Firthian linguistics contextualization

      chapter |1 pages

      continuous progressive contoid vs vocoid [hybrid formation, from Lat. consonare ‘to sound together,’ and vocalis ‘sounding,’ with Grk eĩdos ‘form’]

      chapter |5 pages

      contradiction

      chapter |3 pages

      converseness converse relation conversion

      chapter |1 pages

      copulative composition composition core grammar

      chapter |1 pages

      core vocabulary basic vocabulary coreference anaphora coreferentiality

      chapter |1 pages

      corpus [Lat. ‘body; collection of facts’]

      chapter |1 pages

      correlational bundle

      chapter |2 pages

      counterfactual sentence

      chapter |2 pages

      Cree Algonquian creole [‘European born in the West Indies,’ from Span. criollo ‘native’]

      chapter |1 pages

      creolization creole crest nucleus

      chapter |1 pages

      cross-reference anaphora Cross-River Benue-Congo languages crytotpe [Grk ‘crypt, vault,’ krýptein ‘to hide, to cover’]

      chapter |4 pages

      cursive durative vs non-durative, imperfective vs perfective cursive writing [Lat. cursiva (littera) ‘running script’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Dardic

      chapter |1 pages

      dative [Lat. datum ‘given’; trans. of Grk ’case relating to the act of giving’]

      chapter |1 pages

      dative movement dative shift dative shift (also dative movement, dativization)

      chapter |2 pages

      dativization dative shift daughter dependency grammar dependency grammar, surface syntax daughter languages

      chapter |1 pages

      declarative sentence

      chapter |1 pages

      decompositum

      chapter |1 pages

      deep structure (also underlying structure)

      chapter |1 pages

      default knowledge default reasoning default reasoning (also default knowledge)

      chapter |4 pages

      deficit theory code theory definiendum definition definiens definition definite clause definite clause grammar definite clause grammar (abbrev. DCG)

      chapter |3 pages

      deglutination aphesis degree (also comparison, gradation)

      chapter |1 pages

      delimitative resultative delimitative function boundary marker demarcative feature boundary marker demonstrative pronoun

      chapter |5 pages

      denotation [Lat. denotare ‘to mark, to indicate, to mean’]

      chapter |2 pages

      dependent clause subordinate clause deponent verb [Lat. deponere ‘to put down, abandon’]

      chapter |1 pages

      description set descriptive adequacy levels of adequacy descriptive grammar descriptive linguistics descriptive linguistics

      chapter |1 pages

      descriptivity

      chapter |3 pages

      designatum denotatum, referent

      chapter |4 pages

      developmental apraxia apraxia developmental dyslexia (also dyslexia)

      chapter |2 pages

      diachrony

      chapter |1 pages

      dialect [Grk diálektos ‘common language’]

      chapter |2 pages

      dialect dictionary

      chapter |3 pages

      dialectic [Grk ‘discussion by question and answer’]

      chapter |3 pages

      difference set difference hypothesis code theory differentia specifica definition diffuse compact vs diffuse digital [Lat. digitus ‘finger’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Dinka Chari-Nile languages diphthong [Grk díphthongos ‘with two sounds’]

      chapter |2 pages

      direct method (also natural method)

      chapter |5 pages

      directive

      chapter |1 pages

      discourse particle discourse marker discourse representation structure discourse representation theory discourse representation theory

      chapter |3 pages

      discovery procedure

      chapter |1 pages

      dislocation

      chapter |2 pages

      dissimilation of aspirates Grassmann’s law distant assimilation assimilation distinctive [Lat. distinguere ‘to mark off as separate’]

      chapter |3 pages

      distribution (also co-occurrence)

      chapter |1 pages

      dittography

      chapter |2 pages

      domain extension

      chapter |4 pages

      double-bind theory

      chapter |1 pages

      DRS (discourse representation structure) discourse representation theory DRT discourse representation theory d-structure deep structure dual [Lat. dualis ‘relating to two persons or things’]

      chapter |1 pages

      dummy symbol

      chapter |2 pages

      Dutch

      chapter |1 pages

      dysfluency (also stammering, stuttering)

      chapter |1 pages

      dysgrammatism agrammatism dyslalia [Grk lalía ‘talk, chat’]

      chapter |1 pages

      dysphasia developmental aphasia, developmental dysphasia dysphonia [Grk dysphōnía ‘roughness of sound’]

      chapter |1 pages

      echo question

      East Germanic Germanic East Ladinian Rhaeto-Romance East Sudan languages Chari-Nile languages Eblaite Semitic

      chapter |1 pages

      echolalia[Grk ‘ringing sound’; laliaí ‘talk’]

      chapter |1 pages

      ECM exceptional case marking ECP empty category principle ectosemantic sphere [Grk ektós ‘outside’; ‘sign’]

      chapter |1 pages

      effective egressive, resultative

      chapter |3 pages

      egocentric particular deictic expression egressive [Lat. egressus ‘the action of going out’]

      chapter |2 pages

      elective mutism mutism element of style

      chapter |1 pages

      elliptic form

      chapter |1 pages

      emic etic vs emic analysis empathetic deixis empathy empathy [Grk empátheia ‘affection’]

      chapter |2 pages

      emphatic

      chapter |2 pages

      empty set set empty slot

      chapter |2 pages

      encoding

      chapter |4 pages

      Enga Papuan English

      chapter |1 pages

      entailment implication enthymeme [Grk enthymázein ‘to ponder’]

      chapter |1 pages

      enumeration set epenthesis [Grk ‘insertion’]

      chapter |1 pages

      epiphora [Grk epiphorá ‘bringing to; repetition’]

      chapter |1 pages

      epithesis [Grk ‘laying on’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Equatorial languages

      chapter |1 pages

      equipollent opposition opposition equivalence (also biconditional, bilateral implication)

      chapter |3 pages

      equivalent distribution distribution equivocation

      chapter |3 pages

      Eritreic Afro-Asiatic error analysis

      chapter |2 pages

      Estonian

      chapter |2 pages

      ethnolinguistics (also neo-Humboldtianism)

      chapter |6 pages

      Etruscan

      chapter |1 pages

      exceptional case marking (abbrev. ECM)

      chapter |1 pages

      exclusion contact test exclusive disjunction

      chapter |1 pages

      existential causative effected object existential operator operator existential presupposition presupposition existential proposition

      chapter |1 pages

      existential quantifier operator exocentric compound bahuvrihi exocentric construction [Grk éxō ‘outside’] (also non-headed construction)

      chapter |1 pages

      experiencer case grammar experimental phonetics

      chapter |1 pages

      expiratory accent stress accent explanatory adequacy levels of adequacy explicit derivation derivation explosive [Lat. explodere ‘to eject, to cast out’]

      chapter |2 pages

      expression plane vs content plane

      chapter |1 pages

      extensional definition extension extensional logic formal logic extensional reading attributive vs referential reading extraposition

      chapter |1 pages

      extraposition grammar

      chapter |2 pages

      extrinsic vs intrinsic ordering of rules [Lat. extrinsecus ‘from without’; intrinsecus ‘from within’]

      chapter |1 pages

      factitive verb factitive factive factive predicate factive predicate (also factive)

      chapter |3 pages

      factivity factive predicate factorization

      chapter |2 pages

      feature complex feature bundle feature structure

      chapter |1 pages

      field work

      chapter |3 pages

      figure of speech

      chapter |2 pages

      finite verb form [Lat. finitus ‘bounded’] (also tensed form)

      chapter |1 pages

      Firthian linguistics (also contextualism, London School)

      chapter |1 pages

      fixed stress stress

      chapter |1 pages

      fluent aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia focus [Lat. focus ‘hearth, fireplace’] (also comment, psychological object, rheme)

      chapter |1 pages

      folk etymology

      chapter |2 pages

      Foreign Language Across the Curriculum content-based instruction foreign-language pedagogy

      chapter |1 pages

      form

      chapter |5 pages

      form association analogy form class

      chapter |1 pages

      fossilization [Lat. fossilis ‘obtained by digging’]

      chapter |1 pages

      frame

      chapter |1 pages

      frame construction brace construction Franco-Provençal Romance languages Franglais

      chapter |1 pages

      free alternation distribution free correlation distribution free stress stress

      chapter |5 pages

      Fregean principle principle of compositionality Frege’s principle of meaning principle of compositionality French

      chapter |1 pages

      Friulian Rhaeto-Romance front vowel vowel fronting palatalization FUG Functional Unification Grammar FSA finite state automaton Fula (also Fulani)

      chapter |2 pages

      Fulani Fula function (also mapping)

      chapter |4 pages

      functional composition

      chapter |2 pages

      Functional Unification Grammar (abbrev. FUG)

      chapter |5 pages

      functor logical connective Fur Nilo-Saharan fusion

      chapter |1 pages

      Gascon Occitan Gaulish Celtic GB theory Government and Binding theory Ge’ez (also Ethiopic)

      chapter |3 pages

      geminate [Lat. geminata ‘doubled’] (also double consonant, long consonant)

      chapter |2 pages

      general reading generic reading general semantics

      chapter |1 pages

      generate [Lat. generare ‘to create’]

      chapter |2 pages

      generative phonology phonology generative semantics

      chapter |2 pages

      generic noun common noun generic reading (also general reading)

      chapter |6 pages

      genitive

      chapter |2 pages

      Germanic

      chapter |2 pages

      Germanic law of spirants

      chapter |1 pages

      glide

      chapter |3 pages

      gloss

      chapter |4 pages

      glottal stop

      chapter |2 pages

      governing category

      chapter |1 pages

      GPSG Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar gradable complementaries

      chapter |7 pages

      gradual opposition opposition grammar [Grk grámma ‘letter’]

      chapter |2 pages

      graph [Grk gráphein ‘to write’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Grassmann’s law (also dissimilation of aspirates)

      chapter |4 pages

      Grecism Greek (also Hellenic)

      chapter |3 pages

      Guaymi Chibchan-Paezan Gujarati Indo-Aryan Gulf languages

      chapter |7 pages

      Han’gul Korean hapax legomenon [Grk hápax legómenon ‘said once’]

      chapter |1 pages

      heterography [Grk héteros ‘different,’ gráphein ‘to write’]

      chapter |5 pages

      hiatus [Lat. ‘an opening, crevice’]

      chapter |3 pages

      Hiragana Japanese Hispano-Celtic Celtic historical grammars

      chapter |3 pages

      Hittito-Luvian Anatolian Hokan

      chapter |1 pages

      homonymy [Grk ónyma (=ónoma) ‘name’]

      chapter |2 pages

      homophony [Grk ‘sound’]

      chapter |3 pages

      hortative adhortative HPSG Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar Hsiang Chinese Huamelultec Hokan Huastec Mayan Hungarian (also Magyar)

      chapter |2 pages

      hypercharacterization redundancy hypercorrection [Grk hypér ‘over’] (also hyperurbanism)

      chapter |2 pages

      hyperurbanism hypercorrection hypocoristic [Grk hypokoristikón ‘pet name’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Iberian Basque Ibero-Romance Romance languages Icelandic

      chapter |2 pages

      ICM prototype icon [Grk ‘image, picture’]

      chapter |1 pages

      idealized cognitive model prototype ideogram ideography ideograph [Grk ideĩn ‘to see,’ gráphein ‘to write’]

      chapter |1 pages

      idiolect [Grk ídios ‘one’s own, personal,’ Léktos ‘chosen; expression word’]

      chapter |3 pages

      idiomatic expression idiom idiomatics (also phraseology)

      chapter |5 pages

      Ijo Kwa illative (Lat. illatus ‘brought in’]

      chapter |1 pages

      imperfect [Lat. imperfectus ‘unfinished, incomplete’] (also past tense, preterite)

      chapter |2 pages

      impersonal construction

      chapter |1 pages

      implicational analysis (also implicational hierarchy, accessibility hierarchy)

      chapter |2 pages

      implicational hierarchy implicational analysis implicational universal hierarchy universal, universal implicative verb

      chapter |1 pages

      implicit derivation derivation implosive [Lat. in ‘in,’ plaudere ‘to make a clapping sound’]

      chapter |4 pages

      inclusion

      chapter |4 pages

      indirect interrogative clause [Lat. interrogare ‘to ask’]

      chapter |6 pages

      Indo-European (abbrev. IE; also Indo-Germanic)

      chapter |1 pages

      inference

      chapter |1 pages

      inferential

      chapter |1 pages

      infinitive construction

      chapter |2 pages

      INFL node

      chapter |2 pages

      information

      chapter |2 pages

      Ingrian Finno-Ugric inherent semantic relation

      chapter |1 pages

      initiation airstream mechanism initive ingressive injection function injective [Lat. inicere ‘to throw in’]

      chapter |1 pages

      inner derivation derivation I-now-here origo [Lat. origo ‘starting-point, origin’]

      chapter |1 pages

      instrumental

      chapter |1 pages

      instrumentative (also instrumentative verb)

      chapter |3 pages

      intended inference inference

      chapter |1 pages

      intensional reading attributive vs referential reading intensional semantics intensional logic intensional verb

      chapter |1 pages

      intentionality

      chapter |4 pages

      interdental [Lat. inter ‘between,’ dens ‘tooth’]

      chapter |1 pages

      interlude syllable internal inflection [Lat. internus ‘within, inside’]

      chapter |1 pages

      internal reconstruction reconstruction interpolation [Lat. interpolatio ‘touching upon, altering’]

      chapter |3 pages

      interpreting

      chapter |1 pages

      interrupted vs continuant

      chapter |2 pages

      intersection set set interview

      chapter |1 pages

      intransitivity transitivity Inuit Eskimo-Aleut inversion [Lat. inversio ‘reversal of order’]

      chapter |4 pages

      invited inference

      chapter |1 pages

      irregular verb

      chapter |1 pages

      isolated opposition opposition isolating language (also analytic language, root-isolating language)

      chapter |1 pages

      isomorphism [Grk ‘form, shape’]

      chapter |9 pages

      isotopy [Grk ísos tópos ‘the same place’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Jukunoid Benue-Congo languages junction [Lat. iungere ‘to connect’]

      chapter |1 pages

      juncture [Lat. iunctura ‘joint, link’]

      chapter |1 pages

      juxtaposition [Lat. iuxta ‘close by,’ ponere ‘to place, set’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Kam Austro-Thai Kan-Hakka Chinese Kanji Japanese Kannada Dravidian, Marathi

      Kabard North-West Caucasian Kadugli Niger-Kordofanian Kakchiquel Mayan languages Kalenjin Chari-Nile languages Austro-Thai

      chapter |1 pages

      Kanuri Saharan Karelian Finno-Ugric Kartvelian South Caucasian Kashmiri Dardic Kashubian (also Cassubian)

      chapter |3 pages

      Katakana Japanese Katharévusa Greek Kekchi Mayan languages keneme [Grk kenós ‘empty’]

      chapter |1 pages

      kinship term

      chapter |4 pages

      Kinyarwanda Bantu Kiowa Uto-Aztecan Klamath Penutian knowledge representation

      chapter L|2 pages

      vs L

      chapter |1 pages

      LAD language acquisition device Ladinian Rhaeto-Romance Lakhota Siouan Lako-Dargwa North-East Caucasian lambda operator operator laminal [Lat. lamina ‘a thin sheet’]

      chapter |1 pages

      lamino-alveolar articulation lamino-dental interdental lamino-palatal

      chapter |2 pages

      Landsmål Norwegian langage [Fr. ‘language’]

      chapter |4 pages

      language acquisition

      chapter |3 pages

      language and brain

      chapter |10 pages

      language center language area language change

      chapter |1 pages

      language manipulation

      chapter |3 pages

      language mixing mixed language language obsolescence language death language of gestures body language, sign language language pedagogy [Grk paidagogia ‘instruction, training,’] (also language teaching)

      chapter |3 pages

      language processing

      chapter |1 pages

      language synthesis [Grk sýnthesis ‘putting together, combination’]

      chapter |1 pages

      language teaching language pedagogy language test

      chapter |2 pages

      language typology [Grk typós ‘model, pattern’]

      chapter |1 pages

      langue d’oc French langue d’oïl French langue vs parole

      chapter |2 pages

      Laotian Cam-Thai Lapp

      chapter |6 pages

      Larzac Celtic lateral [Lat. lateralis ‘of/on the side of a body’]

      chapter |4 pages

      law of three syllables law of three morae lax tense vs lax Laz South Caucasian lect [Grk léktos ‘chosen, picked out; word, expression’]

      chapter |2 pages

      level I affix lexical phonology level II affix lexical phonology leveling analogy levels of adequacy

      chapter |6 pages

      lexical decomposition

      chapter |1 pages

      lexical insertion (rule) (also lexicon rule)

      chapter |6 pages

      lexical phonology

      chapter |1 pages

      lexicon rule lexical insertion (rule) lexicostatistics

      chapter |1 pages

      Lezgian North-East Caucasian LFG Lexical-Functional Grammar liaison [Fr. ‘connection’]

      chapter |4 pages

      linearity

      chapter |6 pages

      linguistic determinism

      chapter |4 pages

      linking vowel (also connecting vowel)

      chapter |3 pages

      litotes [Grk lītótēs ‘plainness, simplicity’]

      chapter |5 pages

      locution [Lat. locutio ‘the act of speaking, speech’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Logudorese Sardinian London school Firthian linguistics long consonant geminate long-term memory memory long vs short

      chapter |2 pages

      lowering breaking LP rule ID/LP format LTM (long-term memory) memory Luba Bantu LUG Lexical Unification Grammar Luo Chari-Nile languages Luvian Anatolian Lycian Anatolian Lydian Anatolian

      chapter |3 pages

      machine-aided translation (also automatic translation, computer translation, machine translation)

      chapter |2 pages

      Macro-Siouan Siouan macro speech act text function macrostructure

      chapter |1 pages

      Maipuran Arawakan (major) constituent

      chapter |2 pages

      malapropism [Fr. mal à propos ‘not to the purpose, inappropriate’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Maltese Arabic, European languages Mam Mayan languages Manchu Tungusic Mandarin Chinese Mande

      chapter |5 pages

      Manichean Iranian manner of action Aktionsart, aspect manner of articulation

      chapter |1 pages

      masculine gender mass communication

      chapter |1 pages

      mass noun

      chapter |1 pages

      material implication implication material noun

      chapter |6 pages

      mathematical logic formal logic matrix [Lat. matrix ‘parent tree’]

      chapter |1 pages

      meaning postulate

      chapter |5 pages

      media tenuis vs media median [Lat. medius ‘central, middle’]

      chapter |2 pages

      mention vs use object language vs metalanguage Merina Malagasy mesolect acrolect Messapic Indo-European metachrony [Grk metá ‘between,’ chrónos ‘time’]

      chapter |4 pages

      metalepsis

      chapter |2 pages

      metrical phonology

      chapter |2 pages

      Mien Miao-Yao mildly context-sensitive languages

      chapter |2 pages

      mixed language

      chapter |1 pages

      modal logic

      chapter |1 pages

      modal subordination

      chapter |2 pages

      model

      chapter |3 pages

      modification [Lat. modificare ‘to measure correctly’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Mohave Hokan Molala Penutian Mon Mon-Khmer moneme [Grk mónos ‘solitary, only’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Mon-Khmer

      chapter |4 pages

      monophthong [Grk monóphthongos ‘with one sound, single vowel’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Mordva Finno-Ugric morph [Grk ‘form, shape’]

      chapter |1 pages

      morphemics

      chapter |4 pages

      morphological reanalysis analogy morphologization

      chapter |1 pages

      Morse code alphabet

      chapter |3 pages

      motor aphasia aphasia, Broca’s aphasia motor theory of speech perception

      chapter |1 pages

      murmuring (also breathy voice)

      chapter |1 pages

      mutation [Lat. mutatio ‘change’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Mycenaean

      chapter |1 pages

      Nahali language isolate Nahuati

      chapter |2 pages

      narrative analysis [Lat. narrare ‘to relate, tell’]

      chapter |4 pages

      nasalization nasal harmony Nashī Arabic national language

      chapter |1 pages

      natural method direct method natural order hypothesis natural approach natural phonology

      chapter |5 pages

      natural serialization word order Navaho Navajo Navajo (also Navaho)

      chapter |3 pages

      neologistic paraphasia neologism, paraphasia Neo-South Arabic Semitic Nepali Indo-Aryan nesting

      chapter |3 pages

      neuter [Lat. neuter ‘neither one nor the other’] gender neutral vowel schwa neutralization

      chapter |2 pages

      Nilotic Chari-Nile languages Nivkh Paleo-Siberian node [Lat. nodus ‘knot’]

      chapter |4 pages

      nomen appellativum common noun nomen proprium proper noun nominal noun phrase nominal aphasia aphasia nominal construction functional verb structure nominal definition definition nominal sentence

      chapter |2 pages

      non-fluent aphasia aphasia, Broca’s aphasia non-headed construction exocentric construction non-kernel sentences

      chapter |6 pages

      non-monotonic reasoning non-monotonic logic non-strident strident vs non-strident non-terminative telic vs atelic non-verbal communication [Lat. verbum ‘word’]

      chapter |6 pages

      notion [Lat. notio ‘concept, idea’] (also concept)

      chapter |2 pages

      Nuorese Sardinian Nynorck Norwegian

      chapter |1 pages

      object language vs metalanguage

      chapter |2 pages

      obligatory vs optional [Lat. obligatio ‘the state of being legally etc. liable,’ optio ‘choice’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Ob-Ugric Finno-Ugric obviative proximate vs obviative occasional meaning connotation

      chapter |1 pages

      Oceanic

      chapter |3 pages

      off-glide on-glide vs off-glide Ojibwa Algonquian Okanogan Salishan Old Bulgarian Old Church Slavic Old Church Slavic (also Old Church Slavonic, Old Bulgarian)

      chapter |1 pages

      Old Indic Sanskrit Old Irish Gaelic Old Persian Iranian Old Prussian

      chapter |2 pages

      Old Slavic Old Church Slavic Old South Arabic Semitic Omotic

      chapter |2 pages

      onomastics

      chapter |5 pages

      onset syllable onset of voicing glottalization opacity constraint specified subject condition opaque context opaque vs transparent context opaque vs transparent context [Lat. opacus ‘shady, dark’]

      chapter |5 pages

      optional obligatory vs optional oral [Lat. os, gen. oris ‘mouth’]

      chapter |1 pages

      Ossete Iranian Ostyak Finno-Ugric Oto-Mangue

      chapter |3 pages

      Otomi Oto-Mangue oxymoron [Grk oxymoron ‘pointedly foolish’]

      chapter |1 pages

      palatophonia palatolalia Paleo-Siberian

      chapter |4 pages

      palindrome [Grk palindrómos ‘running back again’]

      chapter |1 pages

      paragrammatism [Grk pará ‘beside, along; in transgression of,’ grámma ‘writing’]

      chapter |3 pages

      paralanguage paralinguistics, kinesics paralexeme

      chapter |3 pages

      paraphrase

      chapter |4 pages

      paroxytone

      chapter |1 pages

      particle [Lat. particula ‘small part’] (also function/structural word)

      chapter |1 pages

      partonymy relation part-whole relation Pashto

      chapter |2 pages

      passive articulator place of articulation

      chapter |1 pages

      PATR-II PATR pattern drill pattern practice pattern practice (also pattern drill)

      chapter |1 pages

      p-Celtic Celtic PDA push-down automaton peak nucleus

      chapter |1 pages

      Pennsylvania Dutch

      chapter |1 pages

      Penutian

      chapter |1 pages

      perception theory

      chapter |1 pages

      perfect

      chapter |1 pages

      performative analysis

      chapter |1 pages

      performative antinomy

      chapter |2 pages

      performative verb

      chapter |2 pages

      Permic Finno-Ugric permutation [Lat. permutare ‘to exchange’]

      chapter |3 pages

      person

      chapter |1 pages

      phatic act [Grk phátis ‘speech’]

      chapter |1 pages

      philosophical grammar general grammar philosophy of language

      chapter |1 pages

      Phoenician Semitic phonation [Grk ‘sound; voice’]

      chapter |1 pages

      phoneme

      chapter |1 pages

      phoneme analysis

      chapter |1 pages

      phoneme system

      chapter |1 pages

      phonemic paraphasia aphasia, paraphasia phonemic script phonography

      chapter |1 pages

      phonetic act

      chapter |1 pages

      phonetic similarity phonetic relationship phonetic symbolism sound symbolism phonetic transcription

      chapter |1 pages

      phonetics

      chapter |2 pages

      phonogram phonography phonography

      chapter |4 pages

      phonological transcription

      chapter |1 pages

      phonotagmeme

      chapter |1 pages

      phrase structure diagram tree diagram phrase structure grammar

      chapter |1 pages

      phrase structure rules

      chapter |3 pages

      phraseology idiomatics Phrygian Indo-European phylum language family pictogram pictography pictography [Lat. pictum ‘painted,’ Grk gráphein ‘to write’]

      chapter |1 pages

      pitch accent (also musical accent)

      chapter |1 pages

      place of articulation (also point of articulation)

      chapter |1 pages

      plane

      chapter |1 pages

      pleonasm [Grk pleonasmós ‘superabundance, excess’]

      chapter |2 pages

      plexus [Lat. ‘intertwined’]

      chapter |1 pages

      plural-only noun (also plurale tantum)

      chapter |1 pages

      Polish

      chapter |1 pages

      politeness

      chapter |2 pages

      Polynesian

      chapter |1 pages

      polysyndeton

      chapter |3 pages

      polysynthetic construction incorporating language, polysynthesis polysystemic phonology prosody Port Royal grammar

      chapter |1 pages

      positive degree positivism Neogrammarians possessive compound bahuvrihi possessive pronoun

      chapter |1 pages

      possible world

      chapter |1 pages

      Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics American structuralism, also distributionalism post-dorsal dorsal post-dorsal velar articulation posteriority [Lat. posterior ‘later’]

      chapter |6 pages

      PP prepositional phrase pragmalinguistics [Grk ‘deed, act’]

      chapter |2 pages

      predicative adjunct predicative complement predicative complement (also predicative adjunct)

      chapter |1 pages

      prefixation

      chapter |2 pages

      prepositional object (also oblique object)

      chapter |4 pages

      present perfect perfect prespecifying vs postspecifying word order presupposition

      chapter |1 pages

      primacy relation

      chapter |1 pages

      primary stress stress

      chapter |2 pages

      principle of compositionality (also Frege’s principle of meaning, Fregean principle)

      chapter |1 pages

      principle of expressibility speech act theory principle of least effort Zipf’s law private language

      chapter |2 pages

      privative opposition opposition PRO

      chapter |1 pages

      prochievement test language test proclitic

      chapter |1 pages

      pro-drop parameter

      chapter |1 pages

      proficiency

      chapter |6 pages

      programming language

      chapter |1 pages

      pronominalization personal pronoun pronoun (also shift word)

      chapter |1 pages

      proper name proper noun proper noun (also name, nomen proprium, proper name)

      chapter |4 pages

      proportional analogy analogy proportional clause

      chapter |5 pages

      prothesis [Grk prósthesis ‘addition’]

      chapter |1 pages

      psychological object focus psychology of language psycholinguistics pulmonic [Lat. pulmo ‘lungs’]

      chapter |5 pages

      punctual (also achievement)

      chapter |2 pages

      quantifier raising raising quantitative ablaut ablaut quantitative linguistics statistical linguistics quantity

      chapter |3 pages

      question

      chapter |2 pages

      Rajasthani Indo-Aryan range function rapid speech vs slow speech

      chapter |1 pages

      readjustment rule readjustment component real definition definition reanalysis

      chapter |1 pages

      reasoning argumentation received pronunciation standard pronunciation receptive aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia recessive [Lat. recedere ‘to draw back, move away’] (also ergative verb or unaccusative)

      chapter |5 pages

      recipient design

      chapter |1 pages

      redundancy (also hypercharacterization)

      chapter |2 pages

      reduplication

      chapter |1 pages

      referential index

      chapter |3 pages

      reflection theory

      chapter |4 pages

      regressive assimilation assimilation regulative rule

      chapter |1 pages

      relative adjective adjective relative clause

      chapter |3 pages

      relative pronoun

      chapter |6 pages

      resonance chamber

      chapter |1 pages

      rhetorical question

      chapter |1 pages

      rhinophonia [Grk , ‘sound, voice’]

      chapter |2 pages

      rising falling vs rising rising diphthong diphthong, intonation Ritwan Algonquian Romaji Japanese Romance languages

      chapter |4 pages

      Romanian Rumanian Romanization transcription, transliteration Romany

      chapter |5 pages

      rule inversion

      chapter |1 pages

      S Sabir

      chapter |1 pages

      Salish Salishan Salishan

      chapter |1 pages

      Samoan Malayo-Polynesian Samoyedic Uralic San Khoisan Sandawe Khoisan sandhi [Old Indic ‘putting together’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Sango Adamawa-Ubangi Sanskrit [Skt ‘put together; wellformed, refined, correct’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Santali Munda Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (also linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity)

      chapter |2 pages

      satellite phoneme [Lat. satelles ‘escort’]

      chapter |1 pages

      schema

      chapter |1 pages

      school grammar (also traditional grammar)

      chapter |1 pages

      scope

      chapter |3 pages

      script

      chapter |2 pages

      second sound shift Old High German consonant shift secondary articulation

      chapter |1 pages

      segmentation

      chapter |1 pages

      selection restriction

      chapter |2 pages

      semantic antinomy [Grk antinomía ‘conflict of laws’] (also semantic paradox)

      chapter |2 pages

      semantic differential

      chapter |1 pages

      semantic implication implication semantic network

      chapter |2 pages

      semantic paradox semantic antinomy semantic paraphasia paraphasia semantic pathology

      chapter |4 pages

      semantic role (also deep case, semantic relation, thematic relation) case grammar semantic triangle semiotic triangle semantics

      chapter |6 pages

      semeology semiology semi-affix [Lat. semi- ‘half’]

      chapter |1 pages

      semivowel

      chapter |2 pages

      sensory aphasia aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia sensory information storage memory sentence

      chapter |2 pages

      sentence mood

      chapter |8 pages

      sentential

      chapter |1 pages

      set phrase idiom set theory

      chapter |1 pages

      shibilant

      chapter |6 pages

      shuttering dysfluency Siamese Thai sibilant [Lat. sibilare ‘to make a hissing sound’]

      chapter |1 pages

      signatum signifier vs signified signeme

      chapter |1 pages

      simultaneity

      chapter |1 pages

      singleton set singular

      chapter |7 pages

      Sino-Tibetan

      chapter |2 pages

      sociolect (also social dialect)

      chapter |1 pages

      Black English, English, feminist linguistics, terminology Sogdian Iranian solecism [Grk soloikismós ‘incorrectness in the use of language’]

      chapter |5 pages

      Somali Cushitic sonant [Lat. sonare ‘to make a sound’]

      chapter |1 pages

      sound image acoustic image sound law

      chapter |1 pages

      sound physiology

      chapter |5 pages

      sound symbolism (also phonetic symbolism, synaesthesia)

      chapter |1 pages

      specific vs non-specific reading

      chapter |8 pages

      specifier modifier spectral analysis [Lat. spectrum ‘image’]

      chapter |1 pages

      speech perception speech recognition speech production language produc-tion speech recognition

      chapter |1 pages

      speech synthesis

      chapter |2 pages

      spoken language

      chapter |2 pages

      standard language

      chapter |1 pages

      statal verb stative vs active statement (also assertion)

      chapter |1 pages

      stative verb

      chapter |1 pages

      steady-state sounds vs transitional sounds

      chapter |2 pages

      stereotype [Grk stereos ‘firm, solid,’ typós ‘form, shape, image’]

      chapter |1 pages

      STM (short-term memory) memory stochastic grammar

      chapter |2 pages

      story grammar

      chapter |2 pages

      stress

      chapter |2 pages

      strict implication implication strident vs mellow strident vs non-strident strident vs non-strident [Lat. stridere ‘to make a high-pitched sound’] (also strident vs mellow)

      chapter |13 pages

      structural analysis

      chapter |1 pages

      subordinator complementizer subset set substance

      chapter |1 pages

      substitution

      chapter |3 pages

      substitution theory

      chapter |1 pages

      superlative [Lat. superlativum, from super-ferre ‘to carry to a higher degree’]

      chapter |1 pages

      superstructure

      chapter |2 pages

      suprasegmental feature (also prosodic feature)

      chapter |2 pages

      Svan South Caucasian svarabhakti [Old Indic ‘vowel part’]

      chapter |2 pages

      syllabary syllabic law

      chapter |1 pages

      syllepsis zeugma syllogism [Grk syllogismós ‘computation, calculation’]

      chapter |2 pages

      symbol field of language

      chapter |1 pages

      synaesthesia sound symbolism synaloepha [Grk ‘stopping of a hiatus, coalescing’]

      chapter |1 pages

      syncategorematic word synsemantic word synchrony vs diachrony [Grk chrónos ‘time’]

      chapter |1 pages

      syncope [Grk ‘cutting off’]

      chapter |1 pages

      synecdoche [Grk ‘understanding one thing with another’]

      chapter |2 pages

      synonym [Grk ónyma ‘name’]

      chapter |3 pages

      synsemantic field of language [Grk ‘sign’]

      chapter |2 pages

      syntagmatic substitution

      chapter |3 pages

      References

      chapter |1 pages

      tachysphemia cluttering tactile agnosia agnosia tag question (also question tag)

      chapter |2 pages

      tagmatics tagmeme

      chapter |2 pages

      Takelma-Kalapuyan Penutian Tamashek Berber Tamil

      chapter |2 pages

      Tarskian semantics model-theoretic semantics tautology [Grk tautologeĩn ‘to repeat what has been said’]

      chapter |1 pages

      telescoped word blend telic vs atelic [Grk télos ‘completion, end’] (also aterminative/non-terminative vs terminative, bounded vs non-bounded)

      chapter |3 pages

      temporal clause [Lat. tempus ‘time’]

      chapter 10|2 pages

      sed form finite verb form tensed-S-condition propositional island constraint tenuis vs media [Lat. tenuis ‘thin,’ medius ‘middle’]

      chapter |1 pages

      text [Lat. textus ‘piece of plaited work; fabric’]

      chapter |1 pages

      text analysis

      chapter |1 pages

      text criticism

      chapter |2 pages

      text generation

      chapter |2 pages

      text theme

      chapter |5 pages

      textology text theory textphoric [Grk phóras from phérein ‘to carry’]

      chapter |2 pages

      theta criterion [abbrev. θ-criterion]

      chapter |1 pages

      Tigre Semitic Tigrinya Ge’ez, Semitic tilde [Lat. titulus ‘title’]

      chapter |2 pages

      Tlingit Na-Dené tmesis

      chapter |1 pages

      token reflexive word deictic expression tonal accent pitch accent tonal language

      chapter |1 pages

      toneme tone Tongan Malayo-Polynesian tonology

      chapter |2 pages

      topic-prominent language topic vs comment topic vs comment (also topic vs predication)

      chapter |7 pages

      topic vs predication topic vs comment topicalization

      chapter |5 pages

      transformational cycle

      chapter |1 pages

      transformational rule transformation transformative (also verb of change)

      chapter |3 pages

      transitional competence interlanguage transitional sound steady-state sound vs transitional sound transitive relation

      chapter |1 pages

      translative

      chapter |2 pages

      transparent context opaque vs transparent context transphrastic analysis

      chapter |9 pages

      tree-pruning convention

      chapter |2 pages

      Twi-Fante Kwa twin formula

      chapter |2 pages

      Ukrainian

      Ubangi Adamawa-Ubangi Ubykh North-West Caucasian Udmurt Finno-Ugric Ugaritic Semitic Ugric Finno-Ugric

      chapter |7 pages

      umlaut (also vowel mutation)

      chapter |2 pages

      unilateral implication implication union set set unique morpheme pseudomorpheme, semi-morpheme unitary base hypothesis

      chapter |5 pages

      universal grammar

      chapter |1 pages

      utterance

      chapter |1 pages

      uvular

      chapter |2 pages

      vagueness

      chapter |1 pages

      Valencian Catalan valency valence value bundle feature

      chapter |1 pages

      variable variability variable rule

      chapter |3 pages

      variational linguistics

      chapter |1 pages

      Veps Finno-Ugric verb [Lat. verbum ‘word’; translation of Grk ‘that which is said; predicate’]

      chapter |1 pages

      verb of change transformative verb phrase (abbrev. VP)

      chapter |2 pages

      verbal adjective gerundive verbal agnosia agnosia verbal apraxia apraxia verbum substentium

      chapter |2 pages

      vibrant (also trill)

      chapter |3 pages

      vocal cords [Lat. vocalis ‘producing a sound’]

      chapter |1 pages

      voice mutation breaking voice onset time glottalization voiced vs voiceless

      chapter |1 pages

      voicing assimilation assimilation Volapük

      chapter |3 pages

      Voltaic Gur Vot Finno-Ugric vowel [Lat. vocalis (sc. littera)]

      chapter |2 pages

      vowel gradation ablaut vowel harmony

      chapter |1 pages

      Wappo Gulf languages Warlpiri Australian languages Washo Hokan wave theory

      chapter |2 pages

      weakening

      chapter |1 pages

      Wernicke’s aphasia

      chapter |1 pages

      West Atlantic

      chapter |1 pages

      wh-movement

      chapter |3 pages

      wh-word interrogative pronoun, wh-question White Russian Belorussian Winutian Penutian Wiyot Algonquian Wolof West Atlantic word

      chapter |5 pages

      word form

      chapter |2 pages

      word stress stress word structure

      chapter |1 pages

      written language

      chapter X|4 pages

      bar theory (also X-bar syntax)

      chapter |1 pages

      Yucatec Mayan languages Yue Chinese Yuit Eskimo-Aleut Yukagir Paleo-Siberian, Uralic Yuki Gulf languages Yukic-Gulf Gulf languages

      chapter |2 pages

      Yuman Hokan Yuorok Algonquian Yupik Eskimo-Aleut

      chapter |1 pages

      zeugma [Grk zeũgma ‘bond’]

      chapter |1 pages

      zoosemiotics [Grk ‘living being, animal’]

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