ABSTRACT
Who's Who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to the Mid-Twentieth Century is a comprehensive and fascinating survey of the key figures in gay and lesbian history from classical times to the mid-twentieth century. Among those included are:
* Classical heroes - Achilles; Aeneas; Ganymede
* Literary giants - Sappho; Christopher Marlowe; Arthur Rimbaud; Oscar Wilde
* Royalty and politicians - Edward II; King James I; Horace Walpole; Michel de Montaigne.
Over the course of some 500 entries, expert contributors provide a complete and vivid picture of gay and lesbian life in the Western world throughout the ages.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
letter 1A|32 pages
entry |2 pages
Achilles
entry |2 pages
Acosta, Mercedes de
entry |2 pages
Acton, Harold
entry |2 pages
Addams, Jane
entry |1 pages
Adelswärd-Fersen, Baron Jacques d'
entry |2 pages
Adrian-Nilsson, Gösta
entry |2 pages
Aelred of Rievaulx, St
entry |2 pages
Aeneas
entry |3 pages
Aeschines
entry |2 pages
Agathon (and Pausanias)
entry |2 pages
Aguiar, Asdrúbal António d'
entry |2 pages
Alan of Lille
entry |2 pages
Alcuin
entry |2 pages
Aleramo, Sibilla
entry |1 pages
Aletrino, Arnold
entry |2 pages
Alexander the Great
entry |3 pages
Algarotti, Francesco
entry |2 pages
Alger, Jr, Horatio
entry |2 pages
Andersen, Hans Christian
entry |2 pages
Anderson, Margaret
entry |2 pages
Andrade, Mário de
entry |2 pages
Andræ, Poul (Georg)
entry |2 pages
Anneke, Mathilde Franziska
entry |2 pages
Anselm of Canterbury, St
entry |2 pages
Anthony, Susan Brownell
entry |1 pages
Antinous
entry |2 pages
Aquinas, St Thomas
entry |2 pages
Aristophanes
entry |2 pages
Arondeus, Willem
entry |3 pages
Astell, Mary
entry |2 pages
Atherton, John
entry |1 pages
Auden, W(ystan) H(ugh)
letter 33B|45 pages
entry |2 pages
Bacon, Sir Francis
entry |2 pages
Baden-Powell, Robert
entry |1 pages
Balbi, Giròlamo
entry |3 pages
Bang, Herman
entry |2 pages
Barnes, Djuna
entry |3 pages
Barney, Natalie Clifford
entry |2 pages
Barnfield, Richard
entry |1 pages
Barrie, J(ames) M(atthew)
entry |2 pages
Beach, Sylvia
entry |2 pages
Beaton, Sir Cecil
entry |2 pages
Beauchamp, William Lygon, 7th Earl
entry |2 pages
Beccuti, Francesco
entry |2 pages
Beckford, William
entry |3 pages
Behn, Aphra
entry |1 pages
Benedict, Ruth F.
entry |2 pages
Benson, E(dward) F(rederic)
entry |2 pages
Bentham, Jeremy
entry |2 pages
Berber, Anita
entry |2 pages
Bergerac, Savinien Cyrano de
entry |2 pages
Berni, Francesco
entry |2 pages
Bernstein, Eduard
entry |2 pages
Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne
entry |2 pages
Blank, Klaas
entry |2 pages
Blüher, Hans
entry |1 pages
Boisrobert, François Le Métel de
entry |2 pages
Bonfàdio, Jàcopo
entry |2 pages
Bonheur, Marie Rosalie
entry |2 pages
Borgatti, Renata
entry |2 pages
Borghese, Scipione Caffarelli
entry |2 pages
Bosco, St Giovanni
entry |3 pages
Botelho, Abel
entry |3 pages
Botto, António
entry |2 pages
Boulton, Ernest, and Park, William Frederick
entry |1 pages
Boye, Karin
entry |2 pages
Bradford, Edwin Emmanuel
entry |2 pages
Brand, Adolf
entry |2 pages
Breker, Arno
entry |1 pages
Brooke, Rupert
entry |2 pages
Brooks, Romaine
entry |2 pages
Bukh, Niels
entry |2 pages
Buonaccorsi, Filippo
entry |2 pages
Burra, Edward
entry |1 pages
Burton, Sir Richard (Francis)
entry |3 pages
Butler, Eleanor (1737–1829), and Ponsonby, Sarah (1755–1831)
entry |2 pages
Butler, Samuel
entry |1 pages
Byron, George Gordon, Lord
letter 78C|38 pages
entry |2 pages
Caesar, Julius
entry |2 pages
Cahun, Claude
entry |1 pages
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques-Régis de
entry |3 pages
Caminha, Adolfo
entry |2 pages
Campanella, Tommaso
entry |2 pages
Campiglia, Maddalena
entry |2 pages
Carafa, Carlo
entry |3 pages
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da
entry |2 pages
Carlier, Félix
entry |2 pages
Carpenter, Edward
entry |1 pages
Casement, Roger
entry |3 pages
Cather, Willa
entry |1 pages
Catullus
entry |3 pages
Cavafy, Constantine
entry |3 pages
Cellini, Benvenuto
entry |2 pages
Charke, Charlotte
entry |2 pages
Chaucer, Geoffrey
entry |2 pages
Church, John
entry |3 pages
Clap, Margaret
entry |3 pages
Cocteau, Jean
entry |2 pages
Colette, Sidonie Gabrielle
entry |2 pages
Cooper, Lilian Violet (1861–1947) and Bedford, Mary Josephine (1861–1955)
entry |2 pages
Copland, Aaron
entry |1 pages
Còsmico, Niccolò
entry |1 pages
Couperus, Louis
entry |2 pages
Coward, Sir Noel
entry |2 pages
Cowell, Henry
entry |3 pages
Crane, Hart
entry |2 pages
Crevel, René
entry |2 pages
Cruz, Juana Inés de la
entry |2 pages
Cukor, George
entry |2 pages
Cullen, Countee
entry |2 pages
Custine, Astolphe de
entry |1 pages
Czechowicz, Józef
letter 116D|24 pages
entry |2 pages
Damian, St Peter
entry |1 pages
Damon and Pythias
entry |2 pages
Dauthendey, Elisabeth
entry |2 pages
David and Jonathan
entry |2 pages
Day, F(red) Holland
entry |2 pages
De Haan, Jacob Israël
entry |2 pages
Della Casa, Giovanni
entry |2 pages
Demuth, Charles
entry |3 pages
De Pisis, Filippo
entry |2 pages
Deschauffours, Étienne-Benjamin
entry |2 pages
Diaghilev, Serge
entry |2 pages
Dickinson, Emily
entry |2 pages
Dickinson, G(oldsworthy) Lowes
entry |2 pages
Dobell, Sir William
entry |2 pages
Domitian
entry |1 pages
Doolittle, Hilda
entry |3 pages
Doone, Rupert
entry |2 pages
Dorval, Marie
entry |2 pages
Douglas, Lord Alfred (Bruce)
entry |2 pages
Douglas, Norman
entry |2 pages
Druskowitz, Helene von
entry |2 pages
Dumont, Franciscus
entry |2 pages
Duse, Eleonora
letter 140E|17 pages
entry |2 pages
Eakins, Thomas
entry |2 pages
Edward II
entry |2 pages
Edwards, Albert Augustine
entry |2 pages
Eekhoud, Georges
entry |2 pages
Eisenstein, Sergei (Mikhailovich)
entry |2 pages
Elagabalus
entry |2 pages
Elbe, Lili
entry |2 pages
Ellis, Havelock
entry |2 pages
Enckell, (Knut) Magnus
entry |1 pages
Endymion
entry |2 pages
Enrique IV de Castilla
entry |2 pages
Eon de Beaumont, Chevalier d'
entry |2 pages
Erauso, Catalina de
entry |2 pages
Erté
entry |3 pages
Eulenburg, Philipp zu
entry |2 pages
Evans, Edward De Lacy
entry |1 pages
Exler, Marie Jacobus Johannes
letter 157F|17 pages
entry |2 pages
Falleni, Eugenia
entry |1 pages
Farinacci, Pròspero
entry |2 pages
Farnese, Pier Luigi
entry |3 pages
Ficino, Marsilio
entry |1 pages
Field, Michael
entry |2 pages
Fiévée, Joseph
entry |2 pages
Firbank, Ronald
entry |1 pages
FitzGerald, Edward
entry |2 pages
Flandrin, Hippolyte
entry |2 pages
Foresythe, Reginald
entry |2 pages
Forster, E(dward) M(organ)
entry |1 pages
Fowler, John Beresford
entry |2 pages
François, Joannes Henri
entry |2 pages
Frederick II
entry |3 pages
Freud, Sigmund
entry |2 pages
Friedländer, Benedict
entry |2 pages
Fullerton, Mary Eliza
entry |2 pages
Fuseli, Henry
letter 174G|21 pages
entry |2 pages
Ganymede
entry |2 pages
Garbo, Greta
entry |2 pages
Gémito, Vincenzo
entry |3 pages
George, Stefan
entry |1 pages
Gerhard, Karl
entry |2 pages
Ghislandi, Vittore
entry |3 pages
Gide, André
entry |1 pages
Girodet-Trioson, Anne-Louis
entry |2 pages
Glassco, John
entry |2 pages
Gloeden, Baron Wilhelm von
entry |2 pages
Gluck
entry |2 pages
Gogol, Nikolai
entry |1 pages
Goodsir, Agnes Noyes
entry |3 pages
Gorani, Count Giuseppe
entry |2 pages
Gosse, Edmund
entry |1 pages
Grant, Duncan
entry |2 pages
Gray, Eileen
entry |2 pages
Gray, John
entry |2 pages
Grazzini, Anton Francesco
entry |2 pages
Grimké, Angelina Weld
entry |2 pages
Grove, Frederick Philip
entry |1 pages
Guez de Balzac, Jean-Louis
entry |1 pages
Gustav III
letter 195H|27 pages
entry |1 pages
Hadrian
entry |2 pages
Hāfīz
entry |2 pages
Haijby, Kurt
entry |2 pages
Haines, (Charles) William (‘Billy')
entry |2 pages
Hall, Radclyffe
entry |2 pages
Hamilton, Alexander
entry |2 pages
Hansen Fahlberg, Carl (Albert)
entry |1 pages
Harford, Lesbia
entry |2 pages
Harmodius and Aristogiton
entry |2 pages
Hartley, L(eslie) P(oles)
entry |2 pages
Hartley, Marsden
entry |2 pages
Hartnell, Sir Norman
entry |3 pages
Henri III de Valois
entry |1 pages
Herbert, Robert George Wyndham (1831–1905) and Bramston, John
entry |2 pages
Herod Atticus
entry |2 pages
Hilary the Englishman
entry |2 pages
Hiller, Kurt
entry |3 pages
Hirschfeld, Magnus
entry |1 pages
Hitchin, Charles
entry |2 pages
Höch, Hannah
entry |2 pages
Hopkins, Gerard Manley
entry |3 pages
Hössli, Heinrich
entry |1 pages
Houmark (Jens) Christian
entry |2 pages
Housman, A(lfred) E(dward)
entry |1 pages
Howard, Brian (Christian de Claiborne)
entry |2 pages
Hoyos y Vinent, Antonio de
entry |2 pages
Huet, Pierre-Daniel
entry |2 pages
Hunter, Alberta
letter 222I|3 pages
entry |2 pages
Ives, George
entry |2 pages
Iwaszkiewicz, Jarosław
letter 225J|11 pages
entry |2 pages
Jahnn, Hans Henny
entry |2 pages
James I and VI
entry |2 pages
James, Henry
entry |1 pages
Jansson, Eugène
entry |1 pages
Jean II le Bon
entry |2 pages
Jesus
entry |2 pages
Jewett, Sarah Orne
entry |2 pages
João do Rio
entry |1 pages
Jocelyn, Percy
entry |1 pages
Johanson, Klara [K.J.]
entry |2 pages
Jones, Captain Robert
entry |1 pages
Jonsson, Tor
entry |2 pages
Julius II
entry |2 pages
Julius III
letter 236K|16 pages
entry |2 pages
Kains Jackson, Charles (Philip Castle)
entry |1 pages
Käkikoski, Hilda Maria
entry |2 pages
Karsch-Haack, Ferdinand
entry |2 pages
Kejne, Karl-Erik
entry |1 pages
Kertbeny, Károly Mária
entry |2 pages
Keynes, John Maynard
entry |2 pages
Kleist, Heinrich von
entry |3 pages
Kobylians'ka, Ol'ha
entry |1 pages
Kok, Martin
entry |3 pages
Krafft-Ebing, Richard von
entry |3 pages
Kristina
entry |1 pages
Krupp, Friedrich
entry |2 pages
Kupffer, Elisár von
entry |3 pages
Kuzmin, Mikhail (Alekseevich)
letter 252L|31 pages
entry |2 pages
Labouchere, Henry (Du Pre)
entry |2 pages
Lagerlöf, Selma
entry |2 pages
Larsen, Nella
entry |2 pages
Last, Joseph C. F.
entry |2 pages
Latini, Brunetto
entry |2 pages
Lawrence, D(avid) H(erbert)
entry |2 pages
Lawrence, T(homas) E(dward)
entry |1 pages
Leadbeater, Charles Webster
entry |3 pages
Lechoń, Jan
entry |2 pages
Leduc, Violette
entry |2 pages
Lee, Vernon
entry |1 pages
Lempicka, Tamara de
entry |2 pages
Leo X
entry |3 pages
Leonardo da Vinci
entry |3 pages
Leopardi, Giàcomo
entry |2 pages
Leyendecker, J(oseph) C(hristian)
entry |2 pages
Lifar, Serge
entry |2 pages
Linck, Catharina Margaretha
entry |2 pages
Lister, Anne
entry |3 pages
Lorca, Federico García
entry |2 pages
Lorrain, Jean
entry |2 pages
Lot
entry |2 pages
Loti, Pierre
entry |2 pages
Louis XVIII
entry |2 pages
Louÿs, Pierre-Félix
entry |1 pages
Lowell, Amy
entry |2 pages
Ludwig II
entry |2 pages
Lully, Jean-Baptiste
entry |2 pages
Lynes, George Platt
letter 283M|39 pages
entry |2 pages
McAlmon, Robert
entry |2 pages
Macdonald, Sir Hector Archibald
entry |2 pages
Macedo, Francisco Ferraz de
entry |2 pages
McKay, Claude
entry |2 pages
Mackay, John Henry
entry |2 pages
Mackenzie, Sir Edward (Montague) Compton
entry |2 pages
Maecenas, Gaius
entry |2 pages
Magnus Eriksson
entry |2 pages
Malmberg, Aino Emma Wilhelmiina
entry |1 pages
Mammen, Jeanne
entry |2 pages
Mann, Erika
entry |3 pages
Mann, Klaus
entry |3 pages
Mann, Thomas
entry |1 pages
Marbod of Rennes
entry |1 pages
Marées, Hans von
entry |2 pages
Margherita d'Austria
entry |3 pages
Marlowe, Christopher
entry |1 pages
Martial
entry |2 pages
Martin du Gard, Roger
entry |2 pages
Massimi (or Massimo), Pacifico
entry |1 pages
Mathebula, Nongoloza
entry |3 pages
Mayne, Xavier
entry |1 pages
Mead, Margaret
entry |2 pages
Medici, Ferdinando II de'
entry |2 pages
Medici, Giovanni Gastone (Gian Gastone) de'
entry |2 pages
Meleager
entry |2 pages
Melville, Herman
entry |1 pages
Messel, Oliver
entry |2 pages
Mew, Charlotte Mary
entry |3 pages
Michelangelo (Buonarroti)
entry |3 pages
Mieli, Aldo
entry |3 pages
Mistral, Gabriela
entry |2 pages
Molina, Miguel de
entry |2 pages
Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de
entry |2 pages
Montesquiou-Fezensac, Count Robert de
entry |2 pages
Montherlant, Henry de
entry |1 pages
Moonlite, Captain
entry |2 pages
Muret, Marc-Antoine
letter 322N|11 pages
entry |1 pages
Nehemiah
entry |2 pages
Nero
entry |3 pages
Newcastle, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of
entry |2 pages
Newman, John Henry
entry |1 pages
Nichols, Beverley
entry |2 pages
Nicolson, Sir Harold (George)
entry |2 pages
Nietzsche, Friedrich
entry |3 pages
Nijinsky, Vaslav
entry |1 pages
Novello, Ivor
entry |2 pages
Novo, Salvador
entry |2 pages
Nugent, (Richard) Bruce
letter 333O|4 pages
entry |1 pages
Ohlfsen, Dora
entry |2 pages
Ottesen-Jensen, Elise
entry |2 pages
Ovid
entry |2 pages
Owen, Wilfred
letter 337P|25 pages
entry |2 pages
Pandoni, Giannantonio de'
entry |2 pages
Parnok, Sophia Yakovlevna
entry |2 pages
Pater, Walter (Horatio)
entry |2 pages
Paul, St
entry |3 pages
Pessoa, Fernando
entry |1 pages
Petersen, Clemens
entry |2 pages
Petronius Arbiter
entry |3 pages
Philippe, Duc d'Orléans
entry |2 pages
Philippe IV le Bel
entry |2 pages
Philips, Katherine
entry |2 pages
Pico, Giovanni
entry |3 pages
Platen, August Graf von
entry |2 pages
Plato
entry |1 pages
Plomer, William
entry |2 pages
Pomponio-Leto, Giulio
entry |2 pages
Pontormo, Jacopo Carucci da
entry |3 pages
Porter, Cole
entry |1 pages
Porter, William
entry |2 pages
Powell (Brown), Evelyn (1893–unknown) and Parkinson, Mary (c.1880–unknown)
entry |2 pages
Prados, Emilio
entry |2 pages
Primavera, Giovan Leonardo
entry |2 pages
Proust, Marcel
entry |2 pages
Puttkamer, Marie Madeleine von
letter 362R|25 pages
entry |2 pages
Rabelais, François
entry |2 pages
Raffalovich, Marc-André
entry |2 pages
Rapinett, Guglielmo
entry |1 pages
Rasmussen, (Niels Carl) Gustav (Magnus)
entry |2 pages
‘Raucourt'
entry |2 pages
Redl, Alfred Victor
entry |2 pages
Reich, Wilhelm
entry |2 pages
Reid, Forrest
entry |2 pages
Reinhard, Joachim
entry |2 pages
Rhodes, Cecil
entry |2 pages
Ries, Leopold Abraham
entry |2 pages
Rimbaud, Arthur
entry |3 pages
Rocco, Antonio
entry |1 pages
Roditi, Edouard
entry |2 pages
Roellig, Ruth Margarete
entry |3 pages
Röhm, Ernst
entry |2 pages
Rolfe, Frederick William
entry |1 pages
Römer, Lucien Sophie Albert Marie von
entry |2 pages
Roosevelt, Eleanor
entry |2 pages
Rosai, Ottone
entry |2 pages
Rosenmüller, Johann
entry |2 pages
Rovsing, (Ludvig) Leif (Sadi)
entry |3 pages
Rozanov, Vasily Vasil'evich
entry |1 pages
Ruth and Naomi
letter 387S|45 pages
entry |2 pages
Sá-Carneiro, Mário de
entry |2 pages
Sachs, Maurice
entry |2 pages
Sackville-West, Vita
entry |2 pages
Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Marquis de
entry |1 pages
Saint-Pavin, Denis Sanguin de
entry |3 pages
Sappho of Lesbos
entry |2 pages
Sargent, John Singer
entry |1 pages
Sassoon, Siegfried (Louvain)
entry |2 pages
Schoondermark, Jacobus
entry |2 pages
Schopenhauer, Arthur
entry |2 pages
Schorer, Squire Jacob Anton
entry |2 pages
Schouten, Hubertus Johannes
entry |2 pages
Schwarzenbach, Annemarie
entry |2 pages
Scott, Sarah
entry |2 pages
Sebastian, St
entry |1 pages
Seneca
entry |2 pages
Serge and Bacchus, SS
entry |2 pages
Settembrini, Luigi
entry |1 pages
Seymour, George Francis Alexander, Earl of Yarmouth, 7th Marquess of Hertford
entry |2 pages
Sgricci, Tommaso
entry |3 pages
Shakespeare, William
entry |1 pages
Sitwell, Osbert
entry |2 pages
Sixtus IV
entry |2 pages
Smyth, Dame Ethel
entry |3 pages
Socrates
entry |2 pages
Södergran, Edith Irene
entry |1 pages
Sodoma, Il
entry |2 pages
Solomon, Simeon
entry |2 pages
Solon
entry |3 pages
Solovieva, Poliksena Sergeevna
entry |2 pages
Somerset, Lord Arthur
entry |2 pages
Spender, Sir Stephen (Harold)
entry |2 pages
Stanislaw August II
entry |2 pages
Stanley, Sir Henry Morton
entry |3 pages
Stein, Gertrude
entry |2 pages
Stiller, Mauritz
entry |2 pages
Stoddard, Charles Warren
entry |2 pages
Strachey, Lytton
entry |2 pages
Straton of Sardis
entry |2 pages
Strayhorn, Billy
entry |2 pages
Strindberg, August
entry |2 pages
Stuart, Henry
entry |1 pages
Suetonius
entry |2 pages
Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Pierre-André
entry |2 pages
Symonds, John Addington
entry |2 pages
Szymanowski, Karol
letter 432T|19 pages
entry |1 pages
Tallemant des Réaux, Gédéon
entry |2 pages
Tardieu, Auguste-Ambroise
entry |3 pages
Tasso, Torquato
entry |1 pages
Taylor, Bayard
entry |2 pages
Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich
entry |2 pages
Tchelitchev, Pavel
entry |2 pages
Tennyson, Alfred
entry |1 pages
Thalbitzer, Sophus
entry |3 pages
Theocritus
entry |1 pages
Theognis
entry |3 pages
Thomson, Virgil
entry |1 pages
Thorsell, Eric
entry |2 pages
Thurman, Wallace
entry |2 pages
Tiberius
entry |2 pages
Tilden, William Taten
entry |2 pages
Toklas, Alice B(abette)
entry |1 pages
Trefusis, Violet
entry |3 pages
Tsvetaeva, Marina Ivanovna
entry |2 pages
Tuke, Henry Scott
entry |2 pages
Turing, Alan Mathison
letter 451U|4 pages
entry |2 pages
Ulrichs, Karl Heinrich
entry |3 pages
Umberto II
letter 455V|17 pages
entry |2 pages
Valentino, Rudolph
entry |1 pages
Van Vechten, Carl
entry |3 pages
Varchi, Benedetto
entry |2 pages
Vaughan, Charles John
entry |1 pages
Vendôme, Louis-Joseph
entry |3 pages
Verlaine, Paul
entry |2 pages
Viau, Théophile de
entry |2 pages
Villamediana, Juan de Tassis, Count of
entry |2 pages
Villaurrutia, Xavier
entry |1 pages
Villette, Marquis Charles-Michel de
entry |2 pages
Villon, François
entry |2 pages
Virgil
entry |2 pages
Vivien, Renée
entry |2 pages
Vizzani, Catterina
entry |2 pages
Vladislas III of Varna
entry |1 pages
Vock, Anna
entry |2 pages
Voltaire
letter 472W|24 pages
entry |2 pages
Walpole, Horace (Horatio) William, 4th Earl of Orford
entry |1 pages
Waters, Ethel
entry |2 pages
Waugh, Evelyn (Arthur St John)
entry |1 pages
Wedekind, Frank
entry |2 pages
Weininger, Otto
entry |2 pages
Weirauch, Anna Elisabet
entry |2 pages
Weiwha
entry |2 pages
Welch, Denton
entry |1 pages
Welles, (Benjamin) Sumner
entry |3 pages
Westermarck, Edward
entry |2 pages
Wetterhoff, Adolf Fredrik
entry |1 pages
Whale, James
entry |3 pages
Whitman, Walt
entry |2 pages
Wikner, Carl Pontus
entry |3 pages
Wilde, Oscar
entry |2 pages
William III
entry |2 pages
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim
entry |2 pages
Winsloe, Christa
entry |2 pages
Witkiewicz, Stanisław Ignacy
entry |2 pages
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
entry |1 pages
Wolfe, Elsie de, later Lady Mendl
entry |2 pages
Woolf, Virginia
letter 496X|2 pages
entry |2 pages
Xenophon
letter 498Y|2 pages
entry |2 pages
Yourcenar, Marguerite
letter 500Z|3 pages
entry |2 pages
Zahle, Vilhelmine
entry |2 pages
Zahrtmann, (Peter Henrik) Kristian