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After half a kos of descent, we arrived at Thotnia KhOla, a hill torrent which joins the Dud Cosi about three miles ahead. Proceeded down the rugged stony glen of the Thotnia to the junction, which is reached at Rasua Ghat. Thence down the right bank of the Dud Cosi for two kos to Katahar Biasi, where the river, which had thus far run through a narrow glen, encumbered with boulders, has a wider space on either bank, capable of cultivation, and yielding fine crops of wet rice, but hot and malarious. This sort of tract is what is called in the Parbattia language a Biasi. Katahar Biasi belongs to Brahmans, who dwell on the heights above. The road leads down the Biasi, which is above half a kos wide for more than one kos, and then ascends the ridge of Kuvindia for one kOs to the halting-place, or Hachika; which is a village inhabited by Kirantis, whose country of Kirant is bounded on the west by the Dud C6si, and begins on this route, where the Dhanswar estate ends. The Arun is the eastern boundary of Kirant. The Dud Cosi is the fourth great feeder of the Maha Cosi, which latter enters the plains as one river at Varaha KsMtra above N athpur in Purneah. We have already passed three of these great tributaries, or the Sun Cosi, the Tamba Cosi, and the Likhu Cosio The remaining ones are three, or the Arun Cosi, Barun Cosi, and Tamar Cosio * Thus there are seven in all; and Eastern Nepal, or the country between the great valley and Sikim, is called Sapt Cousika, or region ot the seven Cosis, from being watered by these seven great tributaries of the Maha Cosio Kirant and Limbuan are subdivisions of the Sapt Cousika, so called from the tribes respectively inhabiting them; the Kirantis dwelling from the Dud Cosi to the Arun, and the Limbus from the Arun to the Tamar. The country between the great valley and the Dud Cosi is Dot so especially designated after the tribes inhabiting it; but the N ewars and Murmis of Nepal Proper are the chief races dwelling there. Of all these tribes, the N ewars are by much the most advanced in civilisation. They have letters and literature, and are well skilled in the useful and fine arts.