ABSTRACT
We first define and distinguish the four basic versions of the underlying problems discussed in Part V. In this chapter, we examine three major spokespersons for the fundamental dichotomies, which create logical and epistemological gulfs allegedly undermining the possibility of a rational justification of any moral code or political ideology. Then we look at some possible solutions of the problem via criticisms of the arguments mentioned, those of Alasdair MacIntyre and Hilary Putnam. I add an appendix, an extremely interesting letter by Leibniz that has been strangely ignored, which foreshadows the “correct” way to solve this very difficult and persistent problem.
