Basis of strategy formulation -Mintzberg and his colleagues categorize the basis of strategy formulation under the seven headings of the “forced”, the “self-imposed”, the “required”, the “rationalistic”, the “deliberate”, the “logically incremental”, and the “opportunistic”. BCG product-market matrix - the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) product-market matrix (or “Boston Box”) comprises a market growth rate axis, and a market share axis. The BCG matrix identifies four potential development stages for any particular product-market activity. These are (i) “stars”, (ii) “cash cows”, (iii) “question marks”, and (iv) “dogs”. The BCG then specify four management strategies by which to achieve, maintain, or change these development stages. These management strategies are (i) “build”, (ii) “hold”, (iii) “harvest”, and (iv) “divest”. Benchmark - performance measurement indicator used for comparison purposes. Typically based on “best in class” comparators or competitors. Best fit approach - a contingency or situational approach to analysis and implementation in which variables or solutions are chosen that most closely match (are congruent with) the particular situation under consideration. It is axiomatic to this “equifinal” approach that there is no “one best way” of doing things. Best Value - is defined by the UK Government as a mandatory duty on publicly-funded agencies so to manage their affairs as to deliver services to clearly stated standards of achievement, or to benchmarked performance indicators (“PIs”). These performance standards are defined in terms of such criteria as effectiveness, quality, efficiency, economy, and cost. Brand - may be defined as the proprietary name or “make” of a good or service, or of their provider. It is a form of proprietary identity given to the product or service by its provider that incorporates the values or qualities attributed to that product or service (or its maker), and differentiates it from its comparators or competitors. Brand image - used to establish and communicate the values and the qualities of appropriateness, uniqueness, or difference that identify and position the product or service, and differentiate it from its competitors in the market-place. Budget - may be defined as a quantitative and financial plan of an activity or strategy to be pursued during the forthcoming financial year to achieve that year’s objectives. Budgetary plan - is a detailed financial framework by which to manage the implementation of a business plan. A budgetary plan will be based on appropriate performance measurement indicators such as market share, sales revenue, number of staff employed, cost of operating, and so on. The budgetary plan will be associated with quantifiable mechanisms of

DOI link for Basis of strategy formulation -Mintzberg and his colleagues categorize the basis of strategy formulation under the seven headings of the “forced”, the “self-imposed”, the “required”, the “rationalistic”, the “deliberate”, the “logically incremental”, and the “opportunistic”. BCG product-market matrix - the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) product-market matrix (or “Boston Box”) comprises a market growth rate axis, and a market share axis. The BCG matrix identifies four potential development stages for any particular product-market activity. These are (i) “stars”, (ii) “cash cows”, (iii) “question marks”, and (iv) “dogs”. The BCG then specify four management strategies by which to achieve, maintain, or change these development stages. These management strategies are (i) “build”, (ii) “hold”, (iii) “harvest”, and (iv) “divest”. Benchmark - performance measurement indicator used for comparison purposes. Typically based on “best in class” comparators or competitors. Best fit approach - a contingency or situational approach to analysis and implementation in which variables or solutions are chosen that most closely match (are congruent with) the particular situation under consideration. It is axiomatic to this “equifinal” approach that there is no “one best way” of doing things. Best Value - is defined by the UK Government as a mandatory duty on publicly-funded agencies so to manage their affairs as to deliver services to clearly stated standards of achievement, or to benchmarked performance indicators (“PIs”). These performance standards are defined in terms of such criteria as effectiveness, quality, efficiency, economy, and cost. Brand - may be defined as the proprietary name or “make” of a good or service, or of their provider. It is a form of proprietary identity given to the product or service by its provider that incorporates the values or qualities attributed to that product or service (or its maker), and differentiates it from its comparators or competitors. Brand image - used to establish and communicate the values and the qualities of appropriateness, uniqueness, or difference that identify and position the product or service, and differentiate it from its competitors in the market-place. Budget - may be defined as a quantitative and financial plan of an activity or strategy to be pursued during the forthcoming financial year to achieve that year’s objectives. Budgetary plan - is a detailed financial framework by which to manage the implementation of a business plan. A budgetary plan will be based on appropriate performance measurement indicators such as market share, sales revenue, number of staff employed, cost of operating, and so on. The budgetary plan will be associated with quantifiable mechanisms of

Basis of strategy formulation -Mintzberg and his colleagues categorize the basis of strategy formulation under the seven headings of the “forced”, the “self-imposed”, the “required”, the “rationalistic”, the “deliberate”, the “logically incremental”, and the “opportunistic”. BCG product-market matrix - the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) product-market matrix (or “Boston Box”) comprises a market growth rate axis, and a market share axis. The BCG matrix identifies four potential development stages for any particular product-market activity. These are (i) “stars”, (ii) “cash cows”, (iii) “question marks”, and (iv) “dogs”. The BCG then specify four management strategies by which to achieve, maintain, or change these development stages. These management strategies are (i) “build”, (ii) “hold”, (iii) “harvest”, and (iv) “divest”. Benchmark - performance measurement indicator used for comparison purposes. Typically based on “best in class” comparators or competitors. Best fit approach - a contingency or situational approach to analysis and implementation in which variables or solutions are chosen that most closely match (are congruent with) the particular situation under consideration. It is axiomatic to this “equifinal” approach that there is no “one best way” of doing things. Best Value - is defined by the UK Government as a mandatory duty on publicly-funded agencies so to manage their affairs as to deliver services to clearly stated standards of achievement, or to benchmarked performance indicators (“PIs”). These performance standards are defined in terms of such criteria as effectiveness, quality, efficiency, economy, and cost. Brand - may be defined as the proprietary name or “make” of a good or service, or of their provider. It is a form of proprietary identity given to the product or service by its provider that incorporates the values or qualities attributed to that product or service (or its maker), and differentiates it from its comparators or competitors. Brand image - used to establish and communicate the values and the qualities of appropriateness, uniqueness, or difference that identify and position the product or service, and differentiate it from its competitors in the market-place. Budget - may be defined as a quantitative and financial plan of an activity or strategy to be pursued during the forthcoming financial year to achieve that year’s objectives. Budgetary plan - is a detailed financial framework by which to manage the implementation of a business plan. A budgetary plan will be based on appropriate performance measurement indicators such as market share, sales revenue, number of staff employed, cost of operating, and so on. The budgetary plan will be associated with quantifiable mechanisms of book