ABSTRACT
The leaders of some social groups, notably in the fields of education and social welfare, looked increasingly to business for both financial and organizational help; and postwar conservatism, heightened by fearful reactions to the specter of international communism, made many look to business rather than government for a significant social leadership. Trade associations long before the Twenties had undertaken a wide variety of community functions. They had lobbied and agitated on be-half of the interests of their membership on matters such as railroad legislation, banking legislation, and the tariff. The appeal of the new notions concerning the role of management and business itself were perhaps best symbolized by the popularity of the terms "trusteeship" and "service". The most significant effort to translate the new social consciousness of management into action in the 1920s was the emergence of organized corporate philanthropy. Demands upon business for contributions to social welfare agencies had been increasing steadily.
