ABSTRACT
Immunologic (e.g., anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm [Smith], falsepositive VDRL, positive antiphospholipid antibodies)
Malar rash Antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive (95%) Neurologic change (e.g., psychosis, seizures, depression, anxiety)
Oral ulcers (usually painless) Photosensitivity Discoid lupus Renal disease (e.g., proteinuria, casts, glomerulonephritis) Arthritis (usually nonerosive, reducible deformities) Serositis (e.g., pleuritis, pericarditis) Hematologic abnormalities (e.g., anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia)
• Antihistone antibody is associated with drug-induced lupus (procainamide and hydralazine are common associations, many others probably are associated)
• There is an increased frequency among African Americans, Native Americans, and Asian Americans, but it is unusual among African blacks
• Treatment is based on clinical manifestations and severity
