ABSTRACT
The majority of clinically important sedative-hypnotics exert the central nervous system (CNS) depressant effect through modulation of the neurotransmitter gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), which is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Ethanol, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates are classes of sedative medications that modulate GABA effects. Sedatives, including benzodiazepines, zolpidem, ethanol, and opioids, can be detected in various biological matrices including blood and urine. In the absence of biological testing, the court is dependent on statements made by the defendant as to whether the substance was taken to the contested act or behavior. The investigator is tasked with presenting an accurate picture of the mental state of defendant in determination of whether the defendant is in fact impaired or intoxicated. Critical information may be obtained through police reports and arrest records as well as eyewitness testimony.
