Patients with recurrent disease tended to have a greater frequency of secondary Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) and more active systemic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are associated with thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, fetal loss, and a variety of neurological syndromes, but appear to be especially important with respect to recurrent cerebrovascular disease. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis may result from a variety of pathological processes inducing a hypercoaguable state. Cerebral ischemia is the most common neurological symptom associated with aPL. Sneddon's syndrome, a clinical constellation of recurrent episodes of cerebral ischemia in patients with livedo reticularis, is associated with aPL. M. T. Herranz et al. performed the first study attempting to correlate between seizures and aPL in a large population of SLE patients and confirmed that epilepsy as a primary neuro-psychiatric event was associated with a high prevalence of aPL in SLE patients.