ABSTRACT
The exponential spread of English in the contemporary world is simply unprecedented. This dramatic spread has been taking place geographically, involving the many Outer Circle postcolonial states (Kachru, 1986), where “ English has achieved such a depth and range of use that it is becoming native in local linguistic contexts” (Saraceni, Williams, & Wright, 2014, p. 142). The language has also been making great inroads to Expanding Circle countries, especially those in Asia and Europe, where “more people than ever want to learn English . . . [and] English learners are increasing in number and decreasing in age” (Graddol, 2006, p. 10). It is estimated that there are currently over 2 billion learners of English worldwide, and China alone produces more than 20 million new users of English every year (Graddol, 2006). In virtually all European Union member states, over 90% of secondary school students study English as a compulsory or elective subject (Seidlhofer, 2010). Proficiency in English is so widespread in European countries that Seidlhofer (2010, p. 359) notes “ ‘having English’ in Europe has thus become a bit like having a driving license: nothing special, something that most people have, and without which you do not get very far.” The accelerating geographical spread of the language is well captured by Canagarajah’s (2007b, p. 89) insightful observation that “ English has been deterritorialized.”
