ABSTRACT
Athletes are liable for both targeted and randomised, no-notice drug testing, both in-competition and out-of-competition. Those athletes who use prohibited substances and methods are, unsurprisingly, keen to avoid detection. Procedures that are used for this subterfuge are classified by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as chemical and physical manipulation and are themselves subject to anti-doping rule violation regulations. The chapter describes some of the techniques that have been used by individual athletes in an attempt to avoid detection and the methods by which such abuse is monitored and controlled. Attention is also drawn to institutionalised manipulation of the doping control process. The chapter provides illustrative case studies in which various manipulative methods have been used by both individual athletes and by institutions. The most common method of manipulation used by athletes, as determined from WADA laboratory results, has involved sharing of urine samples between fellow athletes or using that from other individuals.
